World Coal Report - Ed 2 2007

Table of Contents

1. Executive Summary

2. Global Overview

• Coal Production
• Coal Demand
  • Coal Demand by Country
• International Coal Trade
• Coal-fired Power Generation
• Global Energy Reserves

3. Coal Rank

• Primary Coal
• Secondary Coal
• Coke Coal
• Metallurgical Coal
• Hard Coal
• Coal Rank
  • Anthracite
  • Bituminous Coal
  • Sub-bituminous Coal
  • Lignite
  • Steam coal
  • Brown coal
  • Heat Content of Coal or Calorific Value
• The Uses of Coal

4. International Coal Trade

• Structure of the International Coal Trade
• Geographical Distribution of International Coal Production and Trade
• Development of the Single Global Coal Market
  • The USA
  • Canada
  • Emergence of Australia as the Leading Exporter
  • South Africa
  • New Entrants
  • Regional Markets and Trade Patterns
• International Coal Prices
  • McCloskey Coal Information Services (MCIS) NWE Steam Coal Marker Price
  • Steam Coal Prices
  • Coking Coal Prices
  • Steel Production

5. Shipping and Freight Rates

• Freight as a Component of Coal Prices
• Ocean Freight Rates
  • Price Indexes
• Ocean Vessel Categories
  • Cape Vessels
  • Panamax Vessels
  • HandyMax Vessels
  • Fleet Size

6. New Technologies - Extraction and Environment

• Clean Coal Technologies (CCT)
  • 1. Switch to a cleaner fuel or reduce load to burn less of a ' dirty' fuel
  • 2. Efficiency improvement
  • 3. Clean coal technology (CCT)
• Sulphur Dioxide - SO2
• Nitrogen Oxides - NOx
• Particulate Matter/Dust
• Carbon Abatement Technologies
  • Improvement in Combustion Efficiencies
  • Co-firing with CO2 Neutral Biomass Fuels
  • Carbon Capture and Storage or Carbon Sequestration (CCS)
  • New Coal Extraction Technology
    • Underground Coal Gasification (UCG)

7. Environment

• The Kyoto Protocol
• The Environmental Legislation of the EU
  • LCPD - Large Combustion Plant Directive
  • ETS Emissions Trading Directive
• The Environmental Legislation of the US
  • Clean Air Act and Amendments
  • Existing Programmes under the Clean Air Act
  • Acid Rain, SO2, NOx
  • Effects of Compliance on Regional Coal Supply and Demand
  • Clear Skies Act
• Japan
• China
• India

8. China

• Economic Background
• Primary Energy
• The Coal Sector
• Coal Quality
• Geographical Distribution of Coal Reserves and Mines in China
• Coal Infrastructure
  • Production
• Coal Companies
  • Power Generation
• Imports and Exports of Coal
  • Coal Ports
• Transport
  • Rail
  • Inland Waterways
  • Coal Slurry Pipeline
• Environmental Impact
  • Impact of Coal Combustion
  • Carbon Dioxide
  • Sulphur
  • Oxides of Nitrogen
  • Low NOx Burners
  • Particulates
  • Coal Preparation
  • Integrated Coal Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC)
  • Underground Coal Gasification (UCG)

9. USA

• Economic Background
• Primary Energy
• Coal Sector
• Geographical Distribution of Coal Reserves
• Coal Quality
• Coal Producers
  • Peabody Energy Corporation
  • Arch Coal, Inc
  • Kennecott Energy Corporation
  • CONSOL Energy Inc.
  • Massey Energy Company
  • North American Coal Corporation
  • Westmoreland Coal Company
  • Oxbow Carbon & Minerals
  • Usibelli Coal Mine
  • Walter Industries, Inc
  • Pittsburg & Midway Coal Mining
• Coal Mines
• Power Generation
• Transport
  • Rail, inland shipping and road
  • Ports
• Environmental Impact
  • Air Pollution
  • Energy Use and Carbon Emissions
  • Energy and Carbon Intensity

10. Australia

• Economic Background
• Primary Energy
• Coal Sector
• Coal Quality
• Geographical Distribution of Coal Reserves
• Coal Producers
• Power Generation
• Transport
  • Rail
  • Conveyors
  • Road Transport
  • Ports
• Shiploading and Blending

11. South Africa

• Economic Background
• Primary Energy
• Coal Sector
• Coal Quality
• Geographical Distribution of Coal Reserves
• Coal Producers
• Synthetic Fuels
• Exports
• Rail infrastructure
• Environmental Impact

12. Poland

• Economic Background
• Primary Energy
• Coal Sector
• Coal Consumption
• Coal Quality
• Coal Reserves
• Geographical Distribution of Coal Reserves and Mines in Poland
• Coal Producers
• Power Generation
• Transport
  • Rail
• Environmental Impact
  • Environmental Conditions and Crises
  • Environmental Outlook

13. Russia

• Economic Background
• Primary Energy
• Coal Sector
• Coal Industry Restructuring
• Coal Quality
• Coal Reserves
  • Geographical Distribution of Coal Reserves and Mines in Russia
• Coal Producers
  • Power Generation
• Transport
  • Ports
• Environmental Impact
• Outlook for Coal

14. India

• Economic Background
• Primary Energy
• Coal Sector
• Coal Quality
• Reserves and Geographical Distribution of Mines and Coalfields
• Coal Producers
• Major Coal Producers in India
  • Coal India Ltd.
  • Bharat Coking Coal Ltd. (Bihar)
  • South-Eastern Coalfields Ltd. (Madhya Pradesh)
  • Central Coalfields Ltd. (Bihar)
  • Mahanadi Coalfields Ltd. (Orissa)
  • Northern Coalfields Ltd. (Madhya Pradesh)
  • Eastern Coalfields Ltd. (West Bengal)
  • Western Coalfields Ltd. (Maharashtra)
  • North-Eastern Coalfields
  • Singareni Collieries Company Ltd.
  • Neyveli Lignite Corporation Ltd
  • Tata Iron Steel Company Ltd
• Power Industry
• The Coke Industry
  • Foundries, Chemical Units and Ferro-alloy Operations
  • Integrated Steel Plants
  • Secondary Steel Sector - Pig-iron Plants
• Cement Industry
• Liberalisation of the Coal Market
• Exports
• Transport
  • Water Transport
  • Ports
• Environmental Impact

15. Canada

• Economic Background
• Primary Energy
• Coal Sector
• Coal Quality
• Coal Reserves
• Geographical Distribution of Coal Reserves and Mines
• Tar Sands
• Coal Producers
• Coal Mines
• Power Generation
• Transport
• Environmental Impact
  • Air Pollution
  • Energy Use and Carbon Emissions
  • Energy and Carbon Intensity
  • Renewable Energy
  • Outlook

16. Indonesia

• Economic Background
• Primary Energy
• The Coal Sector
• Coal Quality
• Coal Reserves
• Coal Producers
• Power Generation
• Exports
• Environmental Impact

17. United Kingdom

• Economic Background
• Primary Energy
• Coal Sector
• Coal Reserves
• Coal Production
• Power Generation
• Future of Coal Power Generation
• Transport
• Environmental Impact
  • The Future of Coal

18. Colombia

• Economic Background
• Primary Energy
• Coal Sector
• Exports
• Coal Quality
• Coal Reserves
• Coal Producers
  • Power Generation
• Coal Outlook

19. Venezuela

• Economic Background
• Primary Energy
• Coal Sector
• Coal Quality
• Geographical Distribution of Coal Reserves and Mines
• Coal Producers
• Orimulsion
• Infrastructure

20. Notes and Sources

• Technical Notes
• Sources

21. Statistics

22. Appendix

• The Greenhouse Effect and Global Climate Change
• Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks
  • Water Vapour
  • Carbon Dioxide
  • Methane
  • Nitrous Oxide
  • Halocarbons and Other Gases (CFCs)
  • HFCs
  • PFCs
  • ‘Kyoto gases' (HFC, PFC, and SF6)
  • Other Important Radiative Gases
• Relative Forcing Effects of Various Gases
• The Kyoto Protocol
  • Differentiated Targets
  • Commitment Period
  • Demonstrable Progress
  • Land Use and Forestry
  • Flexibility Mechanisms
  • Emissions Trading
  • Joint Implementation
  • Clean Development Mechanism
  • Entry into Force

List of Tables

• Table 2-1: World' s Largest Coal Producers (excluding China and Russia), Mt, 2004
• Table 3-1: Major Coal Producers and Heat Value per t
• Table 4-1: Largest Steel Makers in the World, Production, Mt, 2006
• Table 5-1: Additions to the Dry Bulk Fleet Size
• Table 6-1: Thermal Efficiency of Different Generation Technologies
• Table 6-2: CCS Demonstration Projects Proposed
• Table 7-1: Top 22 CO2 Emitting Countries, Mt of CO2 Emitted, 2004
• Table 7-2: The Top 5 Carbon Emitting Generating Companies
• Table 7-3: Carbon Factors of the 22 Largest Generators in the EU 2002
• Table 8-1: Coal Production 2005
• Table 8-2: Major Producers in China
• Table 8-3: Main Mines in China
• Table 8-4: Coal Exporters, China
• Table 8-5: Coal Handling by Ports in China
• Table 9-1: Coal Mines in the USA, Number of Collieries and Production, end-2005
• Table 10-1: Production by Mining Method and State, 2004 and 2005 (Mt)
• Table 10-2: Australia' s Black Coal Exports by Region: 2005-06
• Table 10-3: Major Coal Producers in Australia 2004
• Table 10-4: Port Capacity and Export Loadings, 2004 and 2005 (Mt)
• Table 11-1: Major Producers in South Africa 2001
• Table 11-2: Coal Sales, Tons, 2005
• Table 12-1: Coal Demand Forecast in Poland, 2006 to 2010
• Table 12-2: Major Producers in Poland
• Table 13-1: Major Producers in Russia
• Table 16-1: Major Producers in Indonesia, 2004
• Table 17-1.
• Table 19-1: Major Producers in Venezuela
• Table 21-1: The Global Coal Leaders
• Table 21-2: Coal reserves at end of 2005 Million tonnes (Mt) of coal
• Table 21-3: Coal Production Million tonnes (Mt) of coal, 1981 to 2005
• Table 21-4: Coal Consumption Million tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe) of coal, 1980 to 2005)

List of Figures

• Figure 2-1: Primary Energy Consumption by Fuel, Mtoe, 1965 to 2005
• Figure 2-2: World Coal Production, Million Tonnes (Mt) of Coal, 1981 to 2005
• Figure 2-3: World Coal Demand, Million Tonnes of Coal Equivalent (Mtce), 1965 to 2005
• Figure 2-4: Coal Demand by Country, Mtce, 1965 to 2005
• Figure 2-5: Coal Consumption in the Major Markets 2000 to 2006 (Mtce)
• Figure 2-6: Coal Production and Consumption by Country, 2001 British Thermal Units (Btu)
• Figure 2-7: Major Hard Coal Exporters and Importers (Mt of coal) 2005
• Figure 2-8: World Coal Consumption by Sector, 1980- 2003
• Figure 2-9: The Future of Coal-fired Power Generation
• Figure 2-10: Global Energy Reserves
• Figure 3-1: Schematic of Coal Rank
• Figure 3-2: The Uses of Coal
• Figure 4-1: Regional Distribution of Coal Production, Mt
• Figure 4-2: World Coal Production by Principal Producing Countries, Mt
• Figure 4-3: Production of Steam and Coking Coal, Mt, 1960 to 2005
• Figure 4-4: World Steam and Coking Coal Trade, Mt, 1960 to 2005
• Figure 4-5: Development of Steam Coal and Coking Coal Trade, Seaborne and Land, Mt, 19752
• Figure 4-6: Global Flows of Coal Seaborne Trade
• Figure 4-7: Development of the Atlantic and Pacific Seaborne Trade, Mt, 1980 to 2005
• Figure 4-8: Steam Coal CIF Prices Europe and Japan
• Figure 4-9: Coking Coal CIF Prices Europe and Japan
• Figure 5-1: Hard Coal (Steam Coal and Coking Coal) Trade, 2005
• Figure 5-2: Sea Freight Rates for Hard Coal, 2000 to 2006
• Figure 5-3: Baltic Dry Index 2002 to 2006
• Figure 6-1: Carbon Sequestration and Storage in an Unmined Coal Seam, a Depleted Oil or Gas Reservoir or in a Deep Saline Aquifer
• Figure 6-2: The Clean Coal Technology (CCT) Path of Development
• Figure 6-3: Summary of Penetration of Coal Technologies
• Figure 6-4: Schematic of UCG Extraction
• Figure 7-1: Top Eight Carbon Emission Countries, Mt of CO2, 1980 to 2004
• Figure 7-2: Global Distribution of Carbon Emissions. Difference between Targeted and Projected Emissions 2010 (Mt of CO2 equivalents)
• Figure 7-3: Carbon Emission of EU countries, 2001
• Figure 8-1: Total Primary Energy Consumption in China, Mtoe, 1965 to 2005
• Figure 8-2: Coal Production and Consumption in China, 1965 to 2006
• Figure 8-3: Imports and Exports of Hard Coal in China (Mt) 2005
• Figure 8-4: Coal Reserves, Coalfields and Ports of Shipment in China
• Figure 8-5: Projected Coal-fired Generating Capacity of China up to 2020
• Figure 9-1: Total Primary Energy Consumption in the US, Mtoe, 1965 to 2005
• Figure 9-2: Coal Production and Consumption in the US, 1965 to 2006
• Figure 9-3: The Coal Reserves, Coalfields and Ports of Shipments in the US
• Figure 9-4: Projected Coal-fired Generating Capacity of USA to 2025
• Figure 10-1: Total Primary Energy Consumption in Australia, Mtoe, 1965 to 2005
• Figure 10-2: Coal Production and Consumption in Australia 1965 to 2006
• Figure 10-3: Imports and Exports of Hard Coal in Australia, Mt, 2005
• Figure 10-4: Coal Reserves, Coalfields and Ports of Shipment in Australia
• Figure 10-5: Projected Coal- fired Generating Capacity of Australia to 2020
• Figure 11-1: Total Primary Energy Consumption in South Africa, Mtoe, 1965 to 2005
• Figure 11-2: Coal Production and Consumption in South Africa, 1965 to 2006
• Figure 11-3: Imports and Exports of Hard Coal in South Africa, Mt, 2005
• Figure 11-4: Coal Reserves, Coalfields and Ports of Shipment in South Africa
• Figure 11-6: Projected Coal-fired Generating Capacity of South Africa to 2020
• Figure 12-1: Total Primary Energy Consumption in Poland, Mtoe, 1965 to 2005
• Figure 12-2: Coal Production and Consumption in Poland, 1965 to 2006
• Figure 12-3: Imports and Exports of Hard Coal in Poland, Mt, 2005
• Figure 12-4: The Coal Reserves, Coalfields and Ports of Shipment in Poland
• Figure 12-5: Projected Coal - fired Generating Capacity of Poland to 2020
• Figure 12-6: Carbon Emissions in EU Countries, 1990 and 2002 (Mt CO2)
• Figure 13-1: Total Primary Energy Consumption in Russia, Mtoe 1965 to 2005
• Figure 13-2: Coal Production and Consumption in Russia, 1965 to 2006
• Figure 13-3: Imports and Exports of Hard Coal in Russia, Mt, 2005
• Figure 13-4: Coal Exports by Destination (Mt), 1990 to 2025
• Figure 13-5: Coal Reserves, Coalfields and Ports of Shipment in Russia
• Figure 13-6: Projected Coal-fired Generating Capacity of Russia to 2020
• Figure 14-1: Total Primary Energy Consumption in India, Mtoe 1965 to 2005
• Figure 14-2: Coal Production and Consumption in India, 1965 to 2006
• Figure 14-3: Imports and Exports of Hard Coal in India, Million Tonnes (Mt) 2005
• Figure 14-4: Major Coalfields and Mining Centres in India
• Figure 14-5: Market Shares of Coal Production 2001, India
• Figure 14-6: Projected Coal-fired Generating Capacity of India to 2020
• Figure 15-1: Total Primary Energy Consumption in Canada, 1965 to 2005
• Figure 15-2: Coal Production and Consumption in Canada, 1965 to 2006
• Figure 15-3: Imports and Exports of Hard Coal in Canada, Mt, 2005
• Figure 15-4: The Coal Reserves, Coalfields and Ports of Shipment in Canada
• Figure 15-5: Projected Coal-fired Generating Capacity of Canada to 2020
• Figure 16-1: Total Primary Energy Consumption in Indonesia, Mtoe, 1965 to 2005
• Figure 16-2: Coal Production and Consumption in Indonesia, 1965 to 2006
• Figure 16-3: Imports and Exports of Hard Coal in Indonesia, Mt, 2005
• Figure 16-4: The Coal Reserves, Coalfields and Ports of Shipment in Indonesia
• Figure 17-1: Total Primary Energy Consumption in China, Mtoe 1965 to 2005
• Figure 17-2: Coal Production and Consumption in the UK, 1965 to 2006
• Figure 17-3: Imports and Exports of hard Coal in the UK, Mt, 2005
• Figure 17-4: Reserves of Coal Available for Exploitation by Underground Coal Gasification (UCG)
• Figure 18-1: Total Primary Energy Consumption in Colombia, Mtoe, 1965 to 2005
• Figure 18-2: Coal Production and Consumption in Colombia, 1965 to 2006
• Figure 18-3: Imports and Exports of Hard Coal in Colombia, Mt, 2005
• Figure 18-4: The Coal Reserves, Coalfields and Ports of Shipment in Colombia
• Figure 19-1: Total Primary Energy Consumption in Venezuela, Mtoe, 1965 to 2005
• Figure 19-2: Coal Production and Consumption in Venezuela, 1965 to 2006
• Figure 19-3: Imports and Exports of Hard Coal in Venezuela, Mt, 2005
• Figure 19-4: The Coal Reserves, Coalfields and Ports of Shipment in Venezuela