Geothermal Ed 4 - 2007

Table of Contents

1. Executive Summary

• USA
• Philippines
• Indonesia
• Italy
• Mexico
• Japan
• Other countries

2. Introduction to geothermal energy

• The development of geothermal energy use
• Direct use of geothermal energy
• Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP)
• Indirect use of geothermal energy for power generation
• Technology of geothermal power generation
  • Dry steam
  • Flash steam
  • Binary cycle
  • Hot dry rock/enhanced geothermal systems (HDR)
• Geothermal energy efficiency
• Location of resources

3. Overview of geothermal energy capacity and utilisation

• Geothermal direct use
• Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP)
• Geothermal electricity generation
  • Geothermal generation potential
• Technology

4. Geothermal power industry

• Geothermal power operators in the US
• Calpine
• CalEnergy
• Unocal
• Caithness Energy
• Ormat Technologies Inc
• Smaller operators
• Geothermal equipment manufacturers
  • USA
  • Japan
  • Gemany
  • France
  • Italy
  • Russia

5. Geothermal Revenue and Costs - Generation, Construction and Equipment Sales

• Revenue from geothermal electricity sales
• Capital costs for building geothermal power plants
  • Indirect Costs
  • Operating and Maintenance Costs
  • Cost comparisons with other generation technologies
• Geothermal generation equipment market

6. Country use and development of geothermal energy

• United States
• Geothermal power generation
  • The Geysers
  • Other geothermal plants in the USA
  • Recent installations
  • Alaska
  • Nevada
• Proposed installations
  • The Geysers
• Arizona
  • Phase 1
• California
  • Phase 1
  • Phase 2
  • Phase 3
  • Phase 4
• Hawaii
  • Phase 3
• Idaho
  • Phase 2
  • Phase 4
• Unconfirmed
• Nevada
  • Phase 1
  • Phase 2
  • Phase 3
  • Phase 4
• Unconfirmed
• New Mexico
  • Phase 2
• Oregon
  • Phase 1
  • Phase 2
  • Phase 3
• Utah
  • Phase 2
  • Phase 4
  • Unconfirmed
  • Current industry outlook
  • Geothermal resources of the USA
• Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP)
• Direct use of geothermal energy
• Federal Government Programmes/Incentives
• Canada
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
• Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP)
• Mexico
• Geothermal power generation
  • Recent power development
  • Geothermal fields
  • Geothermal generation plants
  • Future developments
• Direct use

7. Asia

• Indonesia
• Geothermal power generation
  • Resource Potential
  • Geothermal plants
  • Field development and contractor status
  • Pertamina
  • Unocal
  • Amoseas
  • Caithness and Florida Power & Light
  • California Energy
  • Asia Power Ltd
  • PT. Wahana Komunikatama
  • Geothermal contracts concluded
  • Prices
  • Regional autonomy
  • Law and regulation - insufficient legal protection
  • Contractual arrangements
  • Joint Operation Contract (JOC)
  • Energy Sales Contract (ESC)
  • New geothermal guidelines
  • Developments in 2006
• Direct use
• Japan
• Geothermal power generation
  • First Generation (Mid 1960s - Mid 1970s)
  • Second Generation (Mid 1970s - Mid 1980s)
  • Third Generation (Mid 1980s - present)
  • Future prospects
  • Government support
  • Research and Development by the Government
• Direct use
• Philippines
• Geothermal power generation
  • Chronology of development of geothermal power in the Philippines
  • Geothermal plants
  • Mak-Ban
  • Tiwi
  • Tongonan
  • Mahanagdong 180 MW geothermal plant
  • Malitbog 240 MW, geothermal plant
  • Upper Mahiao 130 MW geothermal plant
  • Palinpinon
  • Mindanao
  • New areas for expansion
• Direct use
• China, People' s Republic
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
  • Geothermal district heating
  • Geothermal greenhouses
  • Geothermal aquaculture feeding and breeding
  • Hot spring baths, medical care, and hot spring entertainment
• Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP)
• Mongolia
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
• New Zealand
• Geothermal power generation
• Future developments
• Direct use
• Geothermal resources

8. Europe

• Albania
• Austria
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
• Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP)
• Belgium
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
• Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP)
• Bulgaria
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
• Croatia
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
• Czech Republic
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
• Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP)
• Denmark
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
• Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP)
• Finland
• Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP)
• France
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
• Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP)
• Georgia
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
• Germany
• Geothermal power generation
• Future developments
• Direct use
• Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP)
• New production capacity
• Czech Republic
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
• Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP)
• Greece
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
• Hungary
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
• Iceland
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
• Italy
• Geothermal power generation
• Geothermal resources
• Direct use
• Lithuania
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
• Macedonia
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
• Netherlands
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
• Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP)
• Norway
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
• Poland
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
• Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP)
• Portugal and the Azores
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
• Romania
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
• Russian Federation
• Geothermal power generation
• Future development
• Direct use
• Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP)
• Serbia
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
• Slovak Republic
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
• Slovenia
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
• Spain
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
• Sweden
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
• Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP)
• Switzerland
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
• Turkey
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
• UK
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
• Ukraine
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct us

9. Central America and Caribbean

• Costa Rica
• Geothermal power generation
• Future development
• Direct use
• Dominica
• El Salvador
• Geothermal power generation
• Future development
• Direct use
• Grenada
• Guadeloupe
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
• Guatemala
• Geothermal power generation
• Future development
• Direct use
• Honduras
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
• Nicaragua
• Geothermal power generation
• Future development
  • Economic benefits of geothermal energy for Nicaragua
  • Geothermal Master Plan for Nicaragua
  • El Najo-Santa Isabel
  • San Jacinto-Tizate
  • Geothermal Rural Electrification
  • Draft of Geothermal Law
  • Main concepts of the draft legislation:
• Direct use
• St. Kitts and Nevis
• St. Lucia
• St. Vincent and the Grenadines

10. Africa

• Kenya
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
• Ethiopia
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use

11. Sources and Acknowledgements

12. Geothermal manufacturers

Figures

• Figure 2.1: Loop designs for GSHP
• Figure 2.2: Geothermal power plant
• Figure 2.3: Schematic Diagram of a Dry Steam Power Plant
• Figure 2.4: Flash Steam Power Plant
• Figure 2.5: The CalEnergy Navy I flash geothermal power plant at the Coso geothermal field
• Figure 2.6: Binary Cycle geothermal power plant
• Figure 2.7: Mammoth Pacific binary geothermal power plants, Casa Diablo geothermal field.
• Figure 2.8: HDR technology
• Figure 2.9: The geothermal resource
• Figure 2.10: World high temperature geothermal areas
• Figure 3.1: Development of direct use of geothermal energy, 1995 to 2005
• Figure 3.2: Electricity generating capacity (MW) from geothermal energy, 1975 to 2005
• Figure 3.3: Geothermal power generation installed capacity (MW), 2000 and 2005
• Figure 3.4: Geothermal plant capacity by technology, 2005.
• Figure 4.1: Geothermal manufacturing companies market share.
• Figure 6.1: NCPA Power Plant 2 at The Geysers, Winter 2005
• Figure 6.2: Geothermal Resources in the United States.
• Figure 6.3: Unit sales of Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) in the United States,
• Figure 6.4: Geothermal fields in Mexico
• Figure 7.1: Geothermal resources in Indonesia
• Figure 7.2: List of existing geothermal power plants.
• Figure 7.3: Location of geothermal resources.
• Figure 7.4: Installed Philippine geothermal capacity (MW) 1977-2004.
• Figure 7.5: Geothermal Service Contract Areas of the Philippines.
• Figure 8.1: Sales of GSHP units in Germany, 1996 to 2005
• Figure 8.2: Breidholts swimming pool, geothermally heated bathing in Iceland
• Figure 8.3: Some geothermal areas in the Russian Federation
• Figure 9.1: Geothermal resources in Costa Rica
• Figure 9.2: Geothermal fields in Guatemala

Tables

• Table 3.1: Direct use of geothermal energy by country, 1995-2000.
• Table 3.2: Uses of direct thermal energy by type of use, capacity (MW), and utilisation (TJ),
• Table 3.3: Number of Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) by major country, 2006
• Table 3.4: Geothermal installed power capacity and number of units by country,
• Table 3.5: Geothermal plants by technology: units, capacity (MW), 2005
• Table 5.1: Direct Capital Costs (US$/kW installed capacity)
• Table 5.2: Unit cost of power (US�‘/kWh)
• Table 5.3: Operating and maintenance costs
• Table 5.4: Capital cost comparisons by technology
• Table 5.5: Current estimate cost of 100 MW geothermal development
• Table 6.1: Installed geothermal generating capacity (MW) in USA by state, November 2006.
• Table 6.2: Geothermal plants in the USA
• Table 6.3: Geothermal power generation plants in Mexico, 2003.
• Table 7.1: Indonesia geothermal proven reserves (MW)
• Table 7.2: Geothermal power generation plants in Indonesia
• Table 7.3: PLN' s ESC prices.
• Table 7.4: Geothermal power plant development projects
• Table 7.5: Geothermal power generation plants in Japan, 2001
• Table 7.6: Planned capacity additions.
• Table 7.7: Geothermal power generation plants in China, 2001.
• Table 7.8: Geothermal power generation plants in New Zealand, 2001.
• Table 8.1: Geothermal power generation plants in Iceland, 2002
• Table 8.2: Geothermal power generation plants in Italy, 2000
• Table 8.3: Geothermal power generation plants in The Azores, Portugal, 2001
• Table 8.4: Geothermal power generation plants in Russia, December 2004
• Table 9.1: Geothermal power generation plants in El Salvador, 2001
• Table 9.2: Geothermal power generation plants in Guatemala, 2001
• Table 9.3: Geothermal lease areas