The Wind Power Report - Ed 4 -2007

Table of Contents

1.EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

• Wind power development
• Industry issues
• Capacity factors
• Intermittency or variability of wind
• Mis-match of supply and demand
• Inadequacy of weather forecasting
• The difficulty of balancing the grid because of the variability of wind
• Demands on the grid
• Credit capacity
• Wind, a part of a portfolio of generating sources
• Size of wind carpets
• Issues for wind power

2. THE DEVELOPMENT OF WIND ENERGY AND THE MARKET IN 2006

• The global market in 2006
• The leading wind power countries in 2006
• Europe
• North America
• Latin America
• Asia
• Pacific
• Africa and Middle East

3. THE FUTURE MARKET FOR WIND POWER

4. AN ASSESSMENT OF FACTORS AFFECTING WIND POWER

• Terminology
  • Base load
  • Intermittency and variability
  • Capacity factor
  • Capacity credit
  • Spinning reserve
• Issues for wind power
  • Grid balancing
  • Storage
  • Grid extension
  • Capacity credit
  • Mis-match of supply and demand
  • Load following
  • Dispersion
  • Inadequacy of weather forecasting
  • Spinning reserve/back-up
• The operational experiences of wind power
  • E.On Netz Wind Report, 2004
  • Grid balancing
  • Grid balancing congestion
  • E.On Netz Wind Report, 2005
  • E.On conclusions about wind power
  • Western Denmark 2005
  • ESB report in Ireland 2004
  • USA experience
  • Spain
  • Reduction in carbon emissions
  • Contribution and target of renewables in reducing carbon emissions
  • UCTE position paper on wind power
  • Main characteristics of wind power
  • Availability of supply

5. NATIONAL POLICIES FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY

• Renewable energy targets
• Feed-in tariffs and RPS
• EU and feed-in tariffs
• US and RPS
• The feed-in tariff in Europe
• The evolution of RPS Policy in the United States
• Comparison of feed-in tariffs and RPS
• Europe - the EU Renewable Energy Directive
• Investor confidence, price, and policy cost
• Effectiveness
• Innovation and technology diversity
• Ownership structure
• Conclusion
• Feed-in tariffs in the United States

6. NATIONAL WIND POWER MARKETS AND SUPPORT PLANS TOP 6

• Denmark
  • Market size and forecast
  • Geographical dispersion of wind turbines in Denmark
  • Production of electricity from wind turbines
  • Wind turbine size and repowering
  • Future targets in Denmark
  • Interface with other renewables
  • Wind power ownership
  • The energy policy role of power companies
  • Power companies' ownership of wind power
  • Pricing for wind power
  • Special rules for private (individual or co-operative) owners
  • Grid connection, grid reinforcement
  • Wind resources
  • Wind generation structure
  • Offshore wind power
• R&D technology development in Denmark
  • The role of Risoe National Laboratory and others
  • The role of power companies in R&D
  • New concepts
  • Offshore projects
  • Government support
  • Funding Levels
  • Ministry of Environment and Energy' s Energy Research Programme (EFP)
  • Ministry of Environment and Energy' s Programme for Development, Demonstration and
  • Information on Renewable Energy (UVE)
  • Priorities
  • Legislation
  • Windmill Law
  • Energy 21
  • Danish Energy Agency
  • Electricity reform
  • Export assistance
  • Renewable energy island
  • Promotion of local initiatives
• Danish manufacturing base
  • The Danish Wind Industry Association lists of "Core" Members
• Germany
  • Market size and forecast
  • Market share in Germany
  • Repowering trend
  • Offshore potential
  • Wind turbine size
  • Regional distribution of wind turbines
  • Wind power and the German TSOs
• Government support and R&D in Germany
  • Stromeinspeisungsgesetz - Electricity Feed Law (EFL)
  • Renewable Energy Sources Act (Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz / EEG)
  • Renewable Energy Law
  • Investment assistance
  • Planning privileges
  • 250 Megawatt Programme
  • REISI - A new and further-reaching Information System based on ISEE and WISY
  • Technology area wind energy
  • Product information
  • Development of wind energy use in Germany
  • Operational results
  • External conditions of operation
  • Download of measured data
  • El Dorado
  • Regional incentives
  • Research and Development (R&D)
  • Manufacturing Base
• Spain
  • Future targets for wind power in Spain
  • Annual investment in wind power
  • Manufacturing industry
  • Wind developers
  • Wind turbine size
• Government support in Spain
  • R&D Technology development
  • Guaranteed market price
  • Fixed tariff option
  • Market option
  • Research projects
• United States
  • The start of wind power
  • Market size and forecast
  • Intermittency
  • Manufacturers
  • Low speed wind technology
  • Cost of wind energy generation
  • Technology development in the USA
  • 1. Making longer, stronger blades
  • 2. Designing taller towers
  • 3. Building multi-megawatt turbines
  • Understanding turbulent wind patterns
  • Research and Development
  • Offshore wind development
  • Government support
  • Investment tax credits
  • Production tax credits
  • Property tax reductions
  • Accelerated depreciation
  • Direct production incentives
  • Direct investment incentives (grants)
  • Government subsidised loans
  • "Standard offer contracts" for small and distributed projects
  • Net metering or net billing
  • Site prospecting, review and permitting
  • Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS)
  • Auctioned contracts
  • Green marketing/pricing
  • State mandates
  • Research and Development
• Manufacturing Base
  • Major manufacturers
  • Small wind turbine manufacturers
  • The Utility Wind Interest Group
  • UWIG members 2006
• India
  • Market size and forecast
  • Future targets
  • Wind energy resources in India
  • Cost
• R&D Technology development in India
  • The Centre for Wind Energy Technology (C-WET)
• Government support
  • MNES - Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources
  • IREDA - Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Ltd
  • Financial incentives have also been provided for investors
  • State incentives
  • Manufacturing base
  • Suzlon
  • Wind Energy Producers Association (WINPRO)
  • Indian Wind Turbine Manufacturers Association (IWTMA)
  • Turbine and component suppliers
• China
  • Installed wind capacity
  • Past performance and obstacles to wind power
  • Future targets
  • Wind resources
  • Market size
  • Table 6.10: Wind turbine distribution in China by province 2005
  • Offshore wind power
  • Wind turbine size
  • Renewable Energy Law 2006
  • Chinese government wind development support
  • Wind power concessions
  • "Ride the Wind" (Chengfeng) programme
  • National Debt Programme
  • 863 Wind Programme
  • Costs
  • Foreign assistance
  • Chinese manufacturing capability
  • Medium and large wind turbines
  • Chinese wind turbine companies
  • Xinjiang Goldwind Co
  • Other Chinese wind companies
  • Micro and small wind turbines

7. NATIONAL WIND POWER MARKETS AND SUPPORT PLANS INTERMEDIATE COUNTRIES - EUROPE

• Austria
  • National renewable energy targets
  • Market shares in Austria
• France
• Greece
  • Wind resources
  • Size of wind turbines
  • Manufacturing capability
  • Government support
• Ireland
  • Government support
  • Wind resources
  • Variability
• Italy
  • Government policy 2007
  • Regional plans
  • Renewable energy policy
  • Legal commitment to renewable energy
  • Italian manufacturers
  • Wind developers
  • Wind turbine size
• Netherlands
  • National renewable energy targets
  • Offshore developments in the Netherlands
  • Repowering
  • Government policies, financial incentives and market stimulation
  • Amendments in 2005 and 2006
  • Manufacturers
• Norway
  • Government support
  • Wind power companies
• Portugal
  • Wind capacity
  • Renewables target
  • Geographical distribution of wind capacity
  • Government support
  • Manufacturers
  • Wind developers
• Sweden
  • Government support
  • Manufacturers
  • Wind developers
• United Kingdom
  • Wind resources
  • Wind resources
  • Future development
  • Future targets
  • Offshore wind power
  • Round 1
  • Round 2
  • Government support
  • Grid extension
  • Manufacturing Base

8. NATIONAL WIND POWER MARKETS AND SUPPORT PLANS INTERMEDIATE COUNTRIES - ASIA PACIFIC

• Australia
  • Wind energy resources
  • Government renewables policy and support
  • State initiatives
  • Manufacturing base
  • Corporate initiatives
• Japan
  • Environmental and renewables policy
  • Technical issues
  • Future target for wind power
  • Government programmes
  • Manufacturing base
  • Costs
  • Wind farm developments
  • R&D
• Korea, ROK
  • Future targets
  • Constraints to development
  • Manufacturing base
  • Wind developers
  • Government support
• Taiwan
  • Future development
  • Wind resources
  • Governement support

9. NATIONAL WIND POWER MARKETS AND SUPPORT PLANS INTERMEDIATE COUNTRIES - AFRICA

• Egypt
  • Future wind targets
  • Government support
  • Wind resources
• Morocco
  • Future wind target
  • Wind resource

10. NATIONAL WIND POWER MARKETS AND SUPPORT PLANS INTERMEDIATE COUNTRIES - AMERICAS

• Argentina
• Brazil
  • Future wind developments
  • Wind resources
  • Government promotion of renewables
  • Manufacturers
  • Wind developers
• Canada
  • Future wind development
  • R&D in Canada
  • Federal government production incentive
  • Wind Power Production Incentive (WPPI)
  • Provincial incentives
  • Programme operation
  • Terms of the incentive
  • Amount of financial incentive for the ten-year period by commissioning date

11. WIND FARM DEVELOPERS AND OWNERS

12. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF WIND ENERGY COMPARED WITH OTHER FORMS OF ENERGY

13. MANUFACTURING BASE

• The top nine wind turbine companies
  • Vestas
  • GE Energy
  • Gamesa
  • Enercon
  • Siemens
  • Suzlon
  • REpower Systems
  • Mitsubishi
  • Nordex

14. OFFSHORE WIND POWER - THE NEW FRONTIER

• Operating offshore wind farms
• The benefits
• The challenges, offshore: costs
• Forecasting a new technology - Experience Curves and Progress Ratios (PR)

15. DEVELOPMENT OF WIND TURBINE SIZE

Figures

• Figure 2.1 Global wind power installed capacity MW 1990-2006
• Figure 2.2: Installed wind power capacity of the six leading countries MW, 2002 to 2006
• Figure 2.3: Installed wind power capacity of the eight intermediate countries MW, 2002 to 2006
• Figure 2.4 Wind power installed in Europe, 2006
• Figure 2.5 Installed wind generating capacity in the USA, 2006 by state MW
• Figure 3.1 Forecast of global wind energy development to 2010
• Figure 4.1 Wind capacity factors by month for Denmark, Sweden, Germany, Netherlands
• Figure 4.2 The contribution of wind power to covering peak load in 2003.
• Figure 4.3 Fluctuations in wind power feed-in.
• Figure 4.4 Rapid decrease in wind power feed-in
• Figure 4.5 Wind below forecast
• Figure 4.6 Wind continues to blow longer than forecast
• Figure 5.1: National renewable energy policies in EU countries
• Figure 5.2: US states with RPS regulations, 2007
• Figure 6.1: Wind generating capacity of the top 6 wind markets, MW, 1990 to 2010
• Figure 6.2 Growth of the wind power market in Denmark, 1980-2006
• Figure 6.3: Location of wind and CHP plants in Denmark
• Figure 6.4: Capacity and production of wind power electricity in Denmark, 1977 to 2006
• Figure 6.5: Number of wind turbines and capacity in Denmark (MW), 1977 to 2007
• Figure 6.6: Generation of electricity from biomass in Denmark, GWh, 1980 to 2004
• Figure 6.7 Danish exports by country of destination, 2005 and 2006
• Figure 6.8 Growth of Danish wind turbine sales 1984-2006
• Figure 6.9 Growth of the wind power market in Germany 1990-2006
• Figure 6.10 Market share of annual sales in Germany, 2006
• Figure 6.11: Annual onshore, offshore build and repowering in Germany, MW, 1993 to 2020
• Figure 6.12: Installed capacity, onshore, offshore and repowering in Germany, MW, 1993 to 2020
• Figure 6.13 Trend in wind turbine sizes in Germany, 1997-2007 (1st half)
• Figure 6.14: Number of wind turbines by region, Germany, July 2007
• Figure 6.15 Map of regional distribution of wind turbines MW in Germany, by turbine capacity July 2007
• Figure 6.16 Share of coastal and interior states in annual installation capacity, Germany 1993-2005
• Figure 6.17 Market share of installed capacity in Germany, 2005 MW
• Figure 6.18 The growth of the wind power market in Spain 1990-2006
• Figure 6.19: Objectives for wind power development to 2010
• Figure 6.20 Regional distribution of wind power capacity, December 2006
• Figure 6.21: Aerial view of a mountain wind farm in Spain
• Figure 6.22 Annual investment in wind power in Spain, 1994-2002, € ‘000
• Figure 6.23 Market share of manufacturers in Spain, December 2006, MW
• Figure 6.24 Spanish wind developers' share, 2007
• Figure 6.25 Growth in wind power capacity in the United States 1980-2006
• Figure 6.26 Capacity of grid-connected wind power plants in the US, December 2006
• Figure 6.27 Market share of installations in the USA in 2006
• Figure 6.28 Wind resource in USA
• Figure 6.29 Cost of wind energy 1980 to 2006
• Figure 6.30 Wind turbine rotor blade
• Figure 6.31 Advanced tower design
• Figure 6.32 The growth of wind power capacity in India 1980-2006
• Figure 6.33 Map of installed wind power in India by state, 2006
• Figure 6.34: Objectives of wind power development in India to 2010
• Figure 6.35: Wind resources of India
• Figure 6.36 Market share of manufacturers in India, 2007, MW
• Figure 6.37 Installed wind power capacity in China, 1990-2006
• Figure 6.38: Chinese wind potential by region
• Figure 6.39 Market share of manufacturers in China, 2007, MW
• Figure 7.1 Installed wind power capacity in Austria, 1990-2006, MW
• Figure 7.2 Market shares of wind turbine manufacturers in Austria, 2006
• Figure 7.3 Installed wind power capacity in France, 1990-2006, MW
• Figure 7.4 Installed wind power capacity in Greece, 1990-2006, MW
• Figure 7.5: Distribution of wind plants in Greece by region, 2006
• Figure 7.6: Market shares of wind turbine manufacturers in Greece, 2006
• Figure 7.7 Installed wind power capacity in Ireland, 1990-2006, MW
• Figure 7.8 Installed wind power capacity in Italy, 1990-2006, MW
• Figure 7.9: Wind power capacity by region in Italy, December 2006
• Figure 7.10 Market share of installed wind turbines manufacturers in Italy 2006, MW
• Figure 7.11 Installed wind power capacity in Netherlands, 1990-2006, MW
• Figure 7.12: Wind plants in the Netherlands
• Figure 7.13 Market share of installed wind turbines in Netherlands 2006, MW
• Figure 7.14 Installed wind power capacity in Norway, 1990-2006, MW
• Figure 7.15 Installed wind power capacity in Portugal, 1990-2006, MW
• Figure 7.16: Regional distribution of wind installations in Portugal, 2006
• Figure 7.17: Market share of installed wind turbines manufacturers in Portugal 2006, MW
• Figure 7.18 Installed wind power capacity in Sweden, 1990-2006, MW
• Figure 7.19 Growth in wind power capacity in the United Kingdom, 1990-2006, MW
• Figure 7.20 Round 1 offshore wind farms in the UK
• Figure 7.21 Round 2 offshore wind farms in the UK
• Figure 8.1 Installed wind power capacity in Australia, 1990-2006, MW
• Figure 8.2 Installed wind power capacity in Japan, 1990-2006, MW
• Figure 8.3 Installed wind power capacity in Korea, 1990-2006, MW
• Figure 8.4 Installed wind power capacity in Taiwan, 1990-2006, MW
• Figure 9.1 Installed wind power capacity in Egypt, 1990-2006, MW
• Figure 9.2 Installed wind power capacity in Morocco, 1990-2006, MW
• Figure 10.1 The growth of wind power capacity in Brazil 2004-2006
• Figure 10.2 The growth of wind power capacity in Canada 1990-2006
• Figure 11.1: Top 20 wind energy owners in the world, 2006
• Figure 13.1 Global market shares on the wind turbine manufacturers in 2004 to 2006
• Figure 13.2: Vestas revenue 2001 to 2006 € millions
• Figure 14.1: Offshore wind installations by country MW, 2006
• Figure 14.2 Off-shore wind park
• Figure 14.3 Wind turbine evolution
• Figure 15.1 Increase in turbine size, world average, 1997-2005 (kW)
• Figure 15.2: Increase in turbine sizes by country, kW, 1997-2006 (kW)
• Figure 15.3: 5 MW REpower Systems wind turbines in transit in the Scottish North Sea
• Figure 15.4: 5 MW REpower Systems wind turbines installed in the Scottish North Sea

Tables

• Table 2.1 Installed wind generating capacity, 1990, 1995, 2000- 2006, MW
• Table 3.1 National forecasts of wind energy development 2006 to 2010
• Table 4.1 Typical capacity factors for different generating technologies.
• Table 5.1 EU renewables support schemes
• Table 5.2 Non-EU countries with renewable energy targets
• Table 5.3 Countries with feed-in policies for renewables
• Table 5.4 Cumulative number of countries/states/provinces enacting RPS policies
• Table 5.5: State RPS resource tiers
• Table 6.1 Wind turbines installed base in Germany end December 2006, June 2007
• Table 6.2 Shares of wind turbines by power group in the potential annual energy yield, Germany, 1989 to 2007
• Table 6.3: National and autonomous-region targets for wind energy 2010 to 2019, MW
• Table 6.4 Wind power plants in the USA
• Table 6.5: Major manufacturers of large wind turbines in the United States
• Table 6.6 Installed capacity of wind power by state 2002 and 2003
• Table 6.7 Economics of a typical wind farm in India
• Table 6.8 Loan schemes offered by IREDA for development of wind power
• Table 6.9 Manufacturers approved by MNES, India
• Table 6.10: Wind turbine distribution in China by province 2005
• Table 7.1 Project analysis in UK, 2003-04
• Table 7.2 Operational grid connected wind projects in the UK, 2006
• Table 7.3 New onshore wind power projects under construction in 2006
• Table 7.4 Offshore wind farms UK 2007
• Table 10.1 Wind turbines in Canada - December, 2001
• Table 12.1 Advantages and disadvantages of different types of renewable energy
• Table 13.1 World sales in 2005 and 2006, Vestas share, MW and %
• Table 14.1 Off-shore wind farms, 2007
• Table 14.2: Proposed offshore wind farms, 2007
• Table 14.3 Progress ratios for wind turbines
• Table 14.4 Technology characteristics of wind turbines