Transmission and Distribution Report - Ed 7 - 2007/2008

Table of Contents

Contents

1 Executive Summary

• Market Size and Market Leaders
• Drivers of Growth
• T&D Network Developments
• International Transmission Developments
• Underground Cables
• New and Replacement Markets
• Global T&D Market Factors

2. Market Size

• The Transmission and Distribution Systems
• Historical Development of Transmission and Distribution
• Value of the Market
• Product and Business Definition
• Classical Products
• Transformers
• Switchgear
• HV Cables
• Overhead Lines
• Insulators and Fittings
• EHV Towers
• Products and Sysytems
• Power Systems
• Utility Automation
• Market Definition and Size
• Addressable Market Size
• Capital Expenditure and Operational Expenditure
• Market Factors
• Composition of construction cost

3. Major T&D Manufacturers

• The Global T&D Companies
• T&D Activity in China

4. International Transmission Grids

• Europe
• UCTE
• ETSO
• CENTREL
• NORDEL
• BALTREL - Baltijos Ziedas - the Baltic Ring
• UPS Unified Power Systems
• BG/RO
• SUDEL
• Medring
• The Middle East and North African Inter-Connectors
• Middle East - Mashreq Arab Countries
• North Africa
• Pan-African Interconnection Plans
• Trans-African - Interconnection between Zaire and Egypt passing through other
• Egypt-Sudan link
• Sudan-Ethiopia Power Link
• South African Power Pool (SAPP)
• Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)
• West Africa - Interconnection of Mauritania-Senegal-Mali
• East Africa - Great Lakes Region
• Americas - from North to South
• Canada
• United States
• South of the Border
• The Northern Triangle of Central America
• Interconnection in Central America
• SIEPAC
• South America Regional Energy Sector Integration
• Comision de Integracion Electrica Regional (CIER)
• Interconnections in South America
• ASEAN Power Grid
• Northeast Asia
• Cenral Asian Grids
• South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation (SAARC)

5. Europe

• European Transmission and Distribution Network Structures
• Albania
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
• Austria
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
• Belgium
  • TSO
  • Jurisdiction
  • DNOs - Distribution system operators
• Bosnia Herzegovina
  • Transmission and Distribution
  • Distribution Companies
• Bulgaria
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
• Croatia
  • Croatian transmission network
• Cyprus
  • Development Plan
• Czech Republic
  • Transmission
  • Power grid control
  • Distribution
  • Interconnections
• Denmark
  • TSOs
  • Electricity Transmission Network
  • Distribution
• Estonia
  • Transmission and Distribution
  • Baltrel
  • Network Map 5-8: Estonian transmission network
• Finland
  • Transmission
  • TSO
  • Distribution
  • Interconnections
• France
  • TSO
  • DNOs
  • Network Map 5-10: French transmission network of 225 kV and 400 kV lines
• Germany
  • The control areas of the four German TSOs:
  • Verbandervereinbarung
• Greece
  • TSO
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Interconnections
• Hungary
  • ISO
  • Distribution
  • Interconnections
• Iceland
  • Transmission and distribution
• Ireland
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Interconnections
• Italy
  • TSO
  • Distribution
• Latvia
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
• Lithuania
  • DNOs
  • Baltrel
• Luxembourg
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
• Macedonia
  • Transmission and Distribution
  • Interconnections
• Malta
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Network Code
• Netherlands
  • TSO
  • Distribution
  • Power Exchange
• Norway
  • TSO
  • Interconnections
• Poland
  • TSO
  • International Trade
  • Polish Power Exchange
• Portugal
  • The Portuguese Transmission Network
  • Distribution
• Romania
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Interconnections
• Serbia and Montenegro
  • Transmission
  • Distribution companies
• Slovakia
  • Transmission
  • Distribution Utilities (RDUs)
  • Interconnections
• Slovenia
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Interconnections
• Spain
  • TSO
  • Major Electricity Groups
  • Distribution
  • Integrated Iberian Electricity Market
• Sweden
  • TSO
  • Distribution
  • Interconnections
• Switzerland
  • TSOs
• Turkey
  • Transmission and Distribution
  • Interconnections
• United Kingdom
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Supply
  • The Networks and Energy Companies in the UK in 2006
  • NationalGrid
  • CE Electric UK
  • Central Networks
  • EDF Energy
  • Scottish and Southern Energy (SSE)
  • Scottish Power Energy Networks
  • Northern Ireland Electricity (NIE)
  • United Utilities
  • Western Power Distribution
• UNMIK Kosovo

6. CIS - Commonwealth of Independent States (European)

• Armenia
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Interconnections
• Belarus
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Interconnections
• Georgia
  • Transmission
  • Dispatch
  • Distribution
  • International Electricity Trade
• Moldova
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Interconnections
• Russia
  • Restructuring of the Russian ESI
  • Transmission
  • Distribution and supply
  • Physical Characteristics of the ESI
  • Generating capacity and generation
  • Transmission and Distribution
  • Distribution
  • Interconnections
• Ukraine
  • Transmission
  • Wholesale Electricity Market: State Enterprise "Energorynok"
  • Distribution
  • Interconnections

7. CIS - Commonwealth of Independent States (Central Asia)

• Azerbaijan
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Interconnections
  • System Up-grades and Modernisation
• Kazakhstan
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • International electricity trade
• Kyrgyzstan
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • International Electricity Trade
• Tajikstan
  • Distribution companies
  • Interconnections
• Turkmenistan
• Uzbekistan

8. Africa - Mahgreb

• Makgreb Interconnection
• Algeria
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Regulator
• Egypt
  • Transmission
  • National Energy Control Centre (NECC)
  • Distribution
  • Interconnections and the Africa Grid
• Libya
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Interconnections
• Mauritania
• Morocco
  • The open market
  • The regulated market
  • Transmission and distribution responsibilities
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Rural electrification
  • Interconnections
• Sudan
  • Interconnections
• Tunisia
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Interconnections

9. Africa - Sub-Saharan

• Sub-Saharan Power Pools
• SAPP - The Southern African Power Pool
• WAPP - The West African Power Pool
• EAPP - The East African Power Pool
• PEAC/CAPP - The Central African Power Pool or Pool Energétique d' Afrique Centrale
• Angola
• Benin
• Bophutatswana
• Botswana
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Interconnections
• Burkina Faso
  • Transmissison
  • Distribution
  • Interconnections
• Burundi
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
• Cameroon
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Interconnections
• Cape Verde
• Central African Republic
• Chad
• Ciskei
• Comoros
• Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)
  • Transmission
• Congo, Republic
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
• Cote d' Ivoire
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Interconnections
• Djibouti
• Ethiopia
• Gabon
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
• Gambia
• Ghana
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Interconnections
• Guinea
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
• Guinea-Bissau
• Guinea Equatorial
• Kenya
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
• Lesotho
• Liberia
• Madagascar
• Malawi
• Mali
• Mauritius
• Mozambique
• Namibia
• Niger
• Nigeria
  • Transmission
  • Kaduna Regional Transmission
  • Lagos Regional Transmission
  • Shiroro Regional Transmission
  • Enugu Regional Transmission
  • Bauchi Regional Transmission
  • Benin Regional Transmission
  • National Control Centre, Osogbo
  • Distribution
• Rwanda
• Sao Tome & Principe
• Senegal
• Seychelles
• Sierre Leone
• Somalia
• South Africa
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Rural Electrification
• Southern African Power Pool (SAPP)
• Swaziland
• Tanzania
  • Transmission and distributio
  • Interconnections
  • Future plans
• Togo
• Transkei
• Uganda
• Venda
• Zambia
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
• Zimbabwe

10. Middle East

• Bahrain
  • Transmission and Distribution
• Iran
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Interconnections
• Iraq
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
• Israel
• Jordan
• Kuwait
• Lebanon
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
• Oman
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
• Qatar
• Saudi Arabia
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
• Syria
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Interconnections
• UAE
  • Transmission and Distribution
• Yemen

11. South Asia - Indian Sub-Continent

• Afghanistan
• Bangladesh
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
• Bhutan
• India
  • Structure of the Indian ESI
  • Central Transmission Utility (CTU)
  • State Transmission Utility (STU)
  • Transmission losses
  • Regional and state organisation of the ESI
  • NREB - Northern Regional Electricity Board
  • WREB - Western Regional Electricity Board
  • SREB - Southern Regional Electricity Board
  • EREB - Eastern Regional Electricity Board
  • NEREB - North-Eastern Regional Electricity Board
  • Reform and Unbundling of SEBs
  • Unbundled state transmission companies
  • Other reforms in States
  • Physical assets
  • New Players in distribution
• Maldives
• Nepal
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Interconnections
• Pakistan
  • Unbundling and privatisation
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Interconnections
• Sri Lanka
  • Transmission
  • Distribution

12. East Asia

• China
  • Restructuring
  • Generation
  • Transmission Networks
  • State Grid Corporation of China (SG)
  • China Southern Power Grid Corporation Ltd. (CSG)
  • Regional Interconnections
  • North China Power Network
  • Northeast Power Network
  • Northwest Power Network
  • East China Power Network
  • Central China Power Network (including Sichuan and Chongqing Power
  • Shandong Power Grid (Connected to NCPN)
  • Fujian Power Grid (Connected to ECPN)
  • South China Interconnected Power Network
  • Future development, the Unified Power Grid of China
  • Distribution
  • Rural Electrification
  • Interconnections with Thailand
  • Possible Power Cooperation with Russia
• Hong Kong SAR
• Macau SAR
• Japan
  • Transmission System
  • Distribution Networks
  • Transmission Interconnections
• Korea North
• Korea South
  • Generation
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
• Mongolia
  • Transmission and distribution
  • Distribution
  • Interconnections
• Taiwan
  • Deregulation and Privatisation Plans
  • Transmission
  • Distribution

13. ASEAN

• Brunei
• Cambodia
  • Future Development
  • Power Development Plan
  • Interconnection with Thailand
  • Interconnection with Vietnam
• Indonesia
  • Transmission and distribution
  • Java-Sumatra Interconnection
  • East-South Kalimantan Interconnection
• Laos
  • Distribution Grids
  • Interconnections
  • Interconnection Plan
• Malaysia
  • Transmission
  • Peninsular Malaysia
  • Sarawak
  • Sabah
  • Interconnections
• Myanmar
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
• Philippines
  • ESI Structure and Liberalisation
  • Transmission grids
  • Distribution
  • Electric Power Industry Reform Act (EPIRA)
  • Wholesale Market
• Singapore
  • Transmission and distribution
  • Interconnections
• Thailand
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
• Vietnam
  • Transmission
  • Development plans
  • Distribution

14. Pacific

• Australia
  • Interlinked Transmission
• Fiji
• New Zealand
  • Timeline
  • The ESI in 2006
  • North Island
  • South Island
  • Wholesale Market
• Papua New Guinea
  • Distribution
• Solomon Islands
• Tonga
• Western Samoa

15. South America

• Argentina
  • Distribution
  • Interconnections
• Bolivia
  • Transmission
  • Regional transmission lines
  • Distribution
  • Interconnection
• Brazil
  • Eletrobras
  • Regional subsidiaries of Eletrobas
  • Minority holdings of Electrobras
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Transmission plans
  • Medium term transmission plans
  • Long term transmission plans
  • Distribution system
  • Ten-year investment plan 1997/2006
• Chile
  • Generation
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
• Colombia
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
• Ecuador
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Interconnection
• French Guiana
• Guyana
• Paraguay
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Interconnection
• Peru
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Interconnection
• Surinam
• Uruguay
• Venezuela
  • Transmission
  • Distribution

16. Central America and the Caribbean

• Bahamas
• Barbados
• Belize
• Bermuda
• Costa Rica
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Interconnections
• Cuba
  • Transmission and Distribution
• Dominican Republic
  • Transmission and distribution
• El Salvador
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Interconnections
• Guatemala
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
• Haiti
• Honduras
• Jamaica
• Mexico
  • Transmission and distribution
  • Interconnections
• SIEPAC
• Netherlands Antilles
• Nicaragua
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
• Panama
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Interconnection
• Puerto Rico
• St Lucia
• Trinidad and Tobago
  • Trinidad
  • Tobago

17. North America

• Canada
  • Interprovincial trade
  • US trade
  • Market structure and regulation
• Alberta
  • The restructured Alberta Market
• British Columbia
  • Market structure and regulation
  • Restructuring initiatives
• Manitoba
  • Market structure and regulation
• New Brunswick
  • Market structure and regulation
• Newfoundland
• Northwest Territories
• Nova Scotia
  • Market structure and regulation
• Ontario
  • Trade
  • Market structure and regulation
  • Hydro One Inc
  • Distribution
• Prince Edward Island
• Quebec
  • Interprovincial trade
  • International trade
  • Market structure and regulation
• Saskatchewan
  • Market structure and regulation
• Yukon
• USA
• Background of the ESI in the US
• The origins and development of the US transmission system
• Crisis in the US electrical system
  • Cascading outages
  • November 9, 1965: Northeast Blackout
  • July 13, 1977: New York City Blackout
  • December 22, 1982: West Coast Blackout
  • July 2-3, 1996: West Coast Blackout
  • August 10, 1996: West Coast Blackout
  • June 25, 1998: Upper Midwest Blackout
  • Common or similar factors among major outages
• California
• Regulatory framework
• Composition of the 10 Regional Councils
  • ASCC (Alaska System Coordination Council
  • ECAR (East Central Area Reliability Coordination Agreement)
  • ERCOT (Electric Reliability Council of Texas)
  • MAIN (Mid-America Interconnected Network)
  • MAAC (Mid-Atlantic Area Council)
  • MAPP (US) (Mid-Continent Area Power Pool)
  • NPCC (US) (Northeast Power Coordinating Council)
  • SERC (Southeastern Electric Reliability Council)
  • SPP (Southwest Power Pool)
  • WSCC (US) (Western Systems Coordinating Council
  • FRCC (Florida Reliability Coordinating Council)
  • The HI Region
• NERC operational amd planning standards
  • 1. Balance power generation and demand continuously
  • 2. Balance reactive power supply and demand to maintain scheduled voltages
  • 3. Monitor flows over transmission lines and other facilities to ensure that thermal (heating) limits are not exceeded
  • 4. Keep the system in a stable condition
  • 5. Operate the system so that it remains in a reliable condition even if a contingency occurs, the N-1 criterion
  • 6. Plan, design, and maintain the system to operate reliably
  • 7. Prepare for emergencies
• RTOs (Regional Transmission Organisations)
  • Standard Market Design and Structure (SMD)
• Distribution
  • Demand-side management
• Aging infrastructure
  • The reasons for the low commitment to infrastructure
  • Competition
• Grid 2030
  • Smart Power Delivery
• National Electricity Backbone
  • Regional interconnections
  • Local, mini- and micro-grids
  • Information technologies
  • New materials
  • Distributed energy resources
  • Automation
  • Power electronics controllers
  • Computer modelling of market tools
  • Communications architecture
  • Energy Portals

18. Underground Cables

• National underground penetration in Western Europe
• Austria
• Belgium
• Denmark
• Finland
• France
• Distribution networks should be underground or protected
• Transmission networks
• Germany
• Greece
• Ireland
• Italy
• Luxembourg
• Netherlands
• Norway
• Portugal
• Spain
• Sweden
• Switzerland
• United Kingdom
• Possible contribution of underground cables to the European energy infrastructure
• Available technologies for underground cables
  • Technical aspects
  • AC underground cables
  • DC underground cables
• New technological developments
  • Gas insulated line (GIL)
  • High temperature superconducting cables (HTS)

19. Market forecast parameters

• Network statistics- historical and forecast
• Market forecasts
• Annual market

20. Methodology of Models and Forecasts

• Methodology
• Stage 1 - T&D forecasts
  • The Master Database
  • Capital expenditure validation
• Stage 2
  • MVA: MW > 6
  • MVA: MW - 4 to 6
  • MVA: MW < 4
• Stage 3
• Stage 4
  • Large country models - USA, China, Russia, Brazil

21. Sources

22. Statistical tables