Carbon Dioxide Utilization and Recovery

Table of Contents

• INTRODUCTION
  • STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
  • REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY
  • CONTRIBUTION OF THE STUDY AND FOR WHOM
  • SCOPE AND FORMAT
  • METHODOLOGY
  • INFORMATION SOURCES
  • AUTHOR CREDENTIALS
  • RELATED BCC STUDIES
  • BCC ON-LINE SERVICES
  • DISCLAIMER
• SUMMARY
  • KEY FINDINGS FROM THE STUDY
    • GLOBAL ENERGY-RELATED CO2 EMISSIONS
    • CO2 IN THE ATMOSPHERIC SINK
    • MERCHANT CO2 SALES
    • CARBON EMISSIONS TRADING MARKET
  • Summary Table: GLOBAL MERCHANT CARBON DIOXIDE UTILIZATION AND MANAGEMENT, THROUGH 2008
  • Summary Figure: GLOBAL MERCHANT CARBON DIOXIDE SALES, 2000-2008 ($ BILLIONS)
• INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
  • INTRODUCTION
  • IMPORTANCE OF THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRY
  • OVERVIEW OF CARBON DIOXIDE RECOVERY/CAPTURE TECHNOLOGIES
    • CARBON DIOXIDE SEPARATION AND RECOVERY: KEY FACTS
    • PROBLEMS WITH CURRENT CO2 RECOVERY TECHNOLOGIES
    • CO2 CAPTURE COSTS: GENERAL
  • Table 1 OVERVIEW OF POWER PLANT CAPITAL COST AND ELECTRICITY COST INCREASES
    • CO2 CAPTURE COSTS: RETROFIT
    • CO2 CAPTURE COSTS: PRE-COMBUSTION
    • CO2 CAPTURE COSTS: POST-COMBUSTION
  • Figure 1 POST-COMBUSTION CO2 RECOVERY COST
    • EXAMPLES OF CURRENT LARGE-SCALE CO2 RECOVERY TECHNOLOGIES
  • Table 2 OVERVIEW OF CARBON DIOXIDE RECOVERY/CAPTURE TECHNOLOGIES
  • Table 2 (CONTINUED)
  • Table 2 (CONTINUED)
    • Fluor Econamine FG Process
    • Selexol Process
    • MHI Process
  • OVERVIEW OF CARBON DIOXIDE OCCURRENCE, PROPERTIES, MAJOR PRODUCTS, AND COMMERCIAL UTILIZATION
  • Table 3 OVERVIEW OF CARBON DIOXIDE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • OCCURRENCE
    • COMMERCIAL UTILIZATION
  • Table 4 OVERVIEW OF MERCHANT GLOBAL CARBON DIOXIDE UTILIZATION BY SEGMENT, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
    • SOURCES/PRODUCTS
  • Table 5 OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL CARBON DIOXIDE UTILIZATION BY PRODUCT, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
    • OVERVIEW OF TECHNOLOGICAL CARBON MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
  • Table 6 OVERVIEW OF TECHNOLOGICAL CARBON MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
    • OVERVIEW OF TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS IN CARBON DIOXIDE STORAGE IN GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS
  • Figure 2 CARBON DIOXIDE GEOLOGICAL STORAGE TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS
  • Figure 3 COST GOAL FOR CARBON SEQUESTRATION
    • OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL CARBON TRADE AND FIRST TRADE FAIR/CONGRESS
      • THE EMERGING MARKET FOR CARBON FINANCE
      • THE CHICAGO CLIMATE EXCHANGE
  • Table 7 HIGHLIGHTS OF CCXS FIRST AUCTION OF CO2 EMISSION ALLOWANCES*, SEPTEMBER 30, 2003
    • HISTORY OF CARBON DIOXIDE RECOVERY AND UTILIZATION, INCLUDING CARBON MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
      • CO2 IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
      • CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE
      • PIONEERING CO2 COMPANIES
      • THE DECLINE OF CO2 SYSTEMS
      • RESURGENCE OF CO2
    • OVERVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE NEGOTIATIONS
      • INTERNATIONAL EMISSIONS TRADING
      • THE CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM
      • JOINT IMPLEMENTATION
    • IMPORTANT INDICATIONS FOR CARBON DIOXIDE UTILIZATION AND RECOVERY, INCLUDING CARBON MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
    • ENTERGYS CARBON SEQUESTRATION TRADE - FIRST TRANSACTION THROUGH EMAS REGISTRY
      • CRYOGENIC TECHNOLOGIES IN FOOD PROCESSING ARE PROVIDING BENEFITS WITHOUT SACRIFICING QUALITY
      • CARBON DIOXIDE VS. LIQUID NITROGEN
      • CRYOGENIC SYSTEM DESIGN
      • SUPERCRITICAL TECHNOLOGY
      • INVESTORS WORTH $10 TRILLION SPEAK OUT ON BUSINESS RISK OF CLIMATE CHANGE
        • Largest Survey of Global Executives Shows Companies Starting to Make Changes
        • BIOCAP and DuPont Canada Join Forces to Promote Sustainability
        • ICF Consulting Advises Coal-Fired Power Stations in EU to Postpone SO2 and NOx Controls under Large Combustion Plant Directive
        • ChevronTexaco Donates SANGEA? Software to API
      • GLOBAL WARMING RESOLUTIONS AT U.S. OIL COMPANIES BRING POLICY COMMITMENTS FROM LEADERS, AND RECORD HIGH VOTES
        • Calpine Promises to Build Less-Polluting Power Plants
      • U.S. DOE ANNOUNCES NEW CARBON SEQUESTRATION PARTNERSHIPS
      • CARBON TAX PUTS CEMENT INDUSTRY AT RISK
      • PRICING PICTURE
      • CONTINUOUS STRONG DEMAND
      • SUPPLY SITUATION
      • ADDED VALUE
        • Growing On-Site Generation
        • Purity
        • Value-Added Services
          • Supply Chain Fragmentation/Streamlining
      • MAJOR CONTRACTS, JOINT VENTURES, PARTNERSHIPS, AND ALLIANCES
      • Air Products
      • Rockwell Automation
      • Point Carbon and ESP
      • Airgas
    • GLOBAL CARBON CYCLE AND ATMOSPHERIC CO2 CONCENTRATION
  • Figure 4 OVERVIEW OF CARBON DIOXIDE FLOWS (BILLION TONS CARBON)
    • NATURAL CO2 PRODUCTION
    • MAN-MADE CO2 PRODUCTION
    • NATURAL CO2 ABSORPTION
    • HUMAN-MADE ABSORPTION
    • GLOBAL INCREASE OF CO2 IN THE ATMOSPHERE
    • TOTAL CO2 IN ATMOSPHERIC SINK
  • Table 8 OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL CARBON DIOXIDE ANNUAL INCREASE IN THE ATMOSPHERE, THROUGH 2008 (GIGATONS OF CARBON)
    • WORLD ENERGY AND ENERGY MIX
      • WORLD ECONOMIC ACTIVITY BY REGION
        • North America
          • North America (Continued)
  • Table 9 GROWTH IN MAJOR U.S. INDICES, 1999-2004 (%)
    • Europe
    • Asia
    • South America
    • Africa and the Middle East
      • Africa
      • The Middle East
    • DESCRIPTION OF THE CARBON DIOXIDE INDUSTRY AND ITS EFFECT ON THE FUTURE
      • DESCRIPTION OF THE CARBON DIOXIDE(CONTINUED)
• REGULATIONS AND LEGISLATION
  • INTRODUCTION
  • KEY REGULATIONS
    • ENERGY RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, DEMONSTRATION, AND COMMERCIAL APPLICATION ACT OF 2003
    • CLEAR ACT OF 2003
    • CLEAN AIR AMENDMENTS ACT OF 1990
    • ENERGY TAX POLICY ACT OF 2003
    • SECURING TRANSPORTATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY FOR TOMORROW ACT OF 2003
    • THE HOMELAND INFRASTRUCTURE POWER AND ASSURANCE INCENTIVES ACT OF 2003
    • ENERGY INDEPENDENCE AND SECURITY ACT OF 2003
    • ENERGY POLICY ACT OF 2003
    • ALTERNATIVE MOTOR FUELS ACT OF 1988
    • THE GEORGE E. BROWN, JR. AND ROBERT S. WALKER HYDROGEN FUTURE ACT OF 2003
    • PUBLIC UTILITY REGULATORY POLICIES ACT OF 1978
    • RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND RECOVERY ACT OF 1976
      • Executive Order 12856
      • Executive Order 12843
      • Epact Title V
    • AIRPORT AIR QUALITY IMPROVEMENT ACT OF 2000
    • TOXIC SUBSTANCE CONTROL ACT OF 1976
    • ACCOUNTABLE PIPELINE SAFETY AND PARTNERSHIP ACT OF 1996
    • METHANE HYDRATE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACT OF 2000
    • GREENHOUSE GAS CAP-AND-TRADE BILL
    • NATURAL GAS WELLHEAD DECONTROL ACT OF 1989
    • ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY MOTOR VEHICLE ECONOMY ACT OF 2000
    • NATIONAL APPLIANCE ENERGY CONSERVATION ACT OF 1987
    • OMNIBUS BUDGET RECONCILIATION ACT OF 1990
    • DEEPWATER ROYALTY RELIEF ACT OF 1995
    • OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF LANDS ACT OF 1953
    • AFRICAN GROWTH AND OPPORTUNITY ACT OF 2000
    • THE U.S.-MIDDLE EAST PARTNERSHIP INITIATIVE: PROMOTING ECONOMIC GROWTH
    • KING AND TSIORVAS PIPELINE SAFETY IMPROVEMENT ACT OF 2000
  • EMISSION CONTROL REGULATIONS
  • GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE ISSUES AND CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS BY REGION
  • Table 10 OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL ENERGY-RELATED CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2008 (MILLION TONS CARBON EQUIVALENT/YEAR)
    • NORTH AMERICA
      • The U.S.
      • Canada
      • Mexico
    • EUROPE
    • ASIA
    • REST OF WORLD
• INDUSTRY STRUCTURE AND COMPETITIVE ASPECTS
  • INTRODUCTION
  • THE CARBON DIOXIDE BUSINESS
    • MARKETING/SUPPORT SERVICES
    • CYLINDER MANAGEMENT AND LOGISTICS SYSTEMS
    • APPLICATIONS TRAINING
    • COMPLIANCE MANAGEMENT
    • E-BUSINESS
  • INDUSTRY STRUCTURE AND CHARACTERISTICS
    • CONCENTRATED INDUSTRY STRUCTURE
  • Table 11 LEADING PLAYERS IN THE MERCHANT INDUSTRIAL GASES MARKETS, 2003
    • Concentrated Industry Structure (Continued)
    • REGIONAL DIVERSIFICATION OF INDUSTRIAL GASES, MAJOR PLAYERS, AND MERCHANT CARBON DIOXIDE SALES AND FORECAST
  • Table 12 WORLD MERCHANT CARBON DIOXIDE SALES AND FORECAST BY REGION, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
  • Table 13 INDUSTRIAL GASES MARKETS BY COMPANY/REGION, 2003 (%)
    • EARNINGS
    • PROFITABILITY
    • IMPORTANT SHIFTS
      • PRICE INCREASES
      • CAPACITY UTILIZATION
      • CHANGES IN THE PACKAGED CYLINDER BUSINESS
  • Table 14 INDUSTRIAL GASES MARKETS BY SUPPLY CHAIN/REGION (%)
    • ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT
    • THE PLAYERS
    • THE EUROPEAN UNION
    • SHIFT BY THE WORLD BANK TO INVEST MORE IN GAS PROJECTS
    • MARKET ENTRY AND BARRIERS
    • PRODUCTS AND CUSTOMERS
    • ENGINEERING CAPABILITIES AND TECHNOLOGICAL EXPERTISE
    • MARKET SEGMENTS AND SECTOR DRIVERS/TRENDS
      • MARKET SEGMENTATION
  • Table 15 GLOBAL MERCHANT CARBON DIOXIDE SALES BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
    • Enhanced Oil Recovery
    • Chemical Processing
    • Metals Manufacturing and Fabrication
    • Food Processing, Agriculture, and Beverage Carbonation
    • Other End-Use Market Segments
      • Pulp and Paper
      • Medical
      • Electronics
    • SECTOR DRIVERS/TRENDS
      • Health Care
        • Pure Medical Drug Gases
        • Medical Drug Gas Mixtures
        • Medical Device Gas Mixtures
      • Bulk Gases
      • Gas-Distribution Equipment
      • Cryogenic Products
      • Safety Products
    • TREND TOWARD TONNAGE CONTRACTS
      • Trend Toward Tonnage Contracts (Continued)
  • Table 16 INDUSTRIAL GASES COMPANY SALES BY SUPPLY METHOD, 2003 (%)
    • CONSOLIDATION PROCESS
    • COMPETITIVE RATES OF CARBON DIOXIDE RECOVERY AND UTILIZATION BUSINESS
    • SUPPLYING CARBON DIOXIDE TO CUSTOMERS
      • RECOVERY/CAPTURE ECONOMICS FROM PURGE GAS/OFFGAS STREAMS
  • Table 17 CHARACTERISTIC PLANTS, SUMMERIZED CARBON DIOXIDE CONTENT, FLOW RATE, AND COST OF CAPTURE FROM VARIOUS PURGE/OFFGASES STREAMS
    • Power Generation
      • Power Plant Efficiencies
  • Table 18 POWER PLANT EFFICIENCY COMPARISON
    • Cost of Carbon Dioxide Capture
      • Cost of Carbon Dioxide Capture
  • Table 19 THE COST OF CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE IN POWER GENERATION - VARIOUS POWER GENERATION PLANT COMPARISONS
  • Table 20 CHARACTERISTICS OF POWER PLANTS WITH AND WITHOUT CO2 CAPTURE
  • Table 20 (CONTINUED)
  • Table 21 CHARACTERISTICS OF SPECULATIVE POWER PLANTS WITH AND WITHOUT CO2 CAPTURE
    • Combined-Cycle Power Plant Trends
    • Market Development
  • Table 22 GLOBAL TRENDS IN POWER PLANT MARKET, SHARES BY REGION, 1994-2009* (%)
  • Table 23 GLOBAL TRENDS IN POWER PLANT MARKET, SHARE BY PLANT TYPE, 1994-2009* (%)
    • Competitive Forces
    • Power Market Liberalization
    • Industrial Cogeneration
      • Iron and Steel
      • Cement Production
      • Fuels Supply
        • Natural Gas Processing
        • Upgrading of Heavy Crude and Unconventional Oil Resources
        • Fischer-Tropsch Conversion of Gas and Coal to Liquids
        • Hydrogen Production
  • Table 24 THE COST OF PRODUCING HYDROGEN ($ PER GIGAJOULE)
    • Europe vs. the U.S.
    • THIRD-PARTY CARBON DIOXIDE MERCHANT SUPPLIERS - THE BUY CASE
      • Source Reliability
        • Purity of Source
        • Distance from Source to End User
    • BUILDING A NEW FACILITY
      • CAPITAL INVESTMENT PER TON OF PRODUCT
  • Table 25 SOURCES OF CO2 FOR PLANT INVESTMENT
  • Table 26 CAPACITIES OF CO2 FOR PLANT INVESTMENT
    • OPERATING COST PER TON OF PRODUCT
  • Table 27 CAPACITIES OF CO2 FOR PLANT INVESTMENT
    • CO2 EOR COSTS
    • CARBON DIOXIDE PROJECT ECONOMICS
    • MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS
      • LOWER QUALITY CRUDE OIL
      • ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION
      • POWER INDUSTRY DEREGULATION
      • AGING AND INEFFICIENT FACILITIES
      • TECHNOLOGY
      • NEW APPLICATIONS
        • CO2 Sequestering
        • Market Impact of Steam, Gas, and Power Production
        • Benefits of Reduced CO2 Production Through Steam and Power Integration - Improved Environmental Performance
    • BUSINESS EVALUATION OF GASIFICATION AND STEAM METHANE REFORMING FOR CARBON DIOXIDE PRODUCTION
      • COGENERATION
      • ECONOMICS OF CARBON DIOXIDE PRODUCTION BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION
  • Table 28 ECONOMICS FOR CO2 CO-PRODUCTION USING GASIFICATION AND STEAM REFORMING
  • Table 29 CARBON DIOXIDE PRODUCTION PROJECT JUSTIFICATION
    • COST REDUCTION IN THE CARBON DIOXIDE PRODUCTION/UTILIZATION CHAIN
      • CHEMICAL CONVERSION COMPETITIVE ASPECTS
  • Figure 5 THE MERCHANT CARBON DIOXIDE DISTRIBUTION CHAIN
  • Figure 6 CHEMICAL CONVERSION-FEEDS AND PRODUCTS
    • Competing Feedstocks
    • COMPETING POWER-GENERATION FUEL COSTS AND CO2 EMISSIONS BY FUEL AND POWER PLANT TYPE
  • Table 30 COMPETITIVE POWER GENERATION FEEDSTOCK PRICES, THROUGH 2008 ($/MMBtu)
    • NATURAL GAS
    • LOW-VALUE REFINERY OFFGAS
    • COAL
    • HEAVY RESIDUES AND PETROLEUM COKE
    • NAPHTHA
    • MUNICIPAL WASTE
    • CRUDE OIL
    • ELECTRICITY (OFF-PEAK)
    • CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS BY FUEL TYPE
  • Figure 7 THE AMOUNT OF CO2 PRODUCED VARIANCE WITH FUEL TYPE (KG CO2/CJ)
  • Figure 8 CARBON DIOXIDE PRODUCTION BY TYPE OF POWER PLANT (CO2 EMISSION, G/KWH)
  • Table 31 REMAINING RECOVERABLE HYDROCARBONS AND THEIR CARBON CONTENT
    • NATURAL GAS, CRUDE OIL, AND COAL PRICE FRAGMENTAION
  • Table 32 AVERAGE NATURAL GAS, CRUDE OIL, AND COAL PRICE, AND DIFFERENTIAL, 2000-2003
    • AECO PRICE
    • NYMEX
    • WTI
      • WTI/Bow River Differential
      • WTI/Orient Differential (Ecuador)
    • PRB COAL PRICES
    • REC PRICES
    • INTERNATIONAL CURRENCY EXCHANGE RATES
  • Table 33 AVERAGE CURRENCY EXCHANGE RATES, 2000-2003
    • CHEMICALS/SPECIALTY CHEMICALS COMPANIES
  • Table 34 FINANCIAL REPORTS FOR MAJOR CHEMICALS COMPANIES, 2000-2003
  • Table 34 (CONTINUED)
  • Table 34 (CONTINUED)
    • PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIES
  • Table 35 FINANCIAL REPORTS FOR THE MAJOR PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIES, 2000-2003
  • Table 35 (CONTINUED)
    • BIOPHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIES
  • Table 36 FINANCIAL REPORTS FOR THE MAJOR BIOPHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIES, 2000-2003
    • RENEWABLE ENERGY COMPANIES
  • Table 37 FINANCIAL REPORTS FOR THE MAJOR RENEWABLE ENERGY COMPANIES, 2000-2003
    • POWER GENERATION COMPANIES
  • Table 38 FINANCIAL REPORTS FOR THE MAJOR POWER GENERATION COMPANIES, 2000-2003
    • ELECTRONICS COMPANIES
  • Table 39 FINANCIAL REPORTS FOR THE MAJOR ELECTRONICS COMPANIES, 2000-2003
    • METALLURGY/MINING COMPANIES
  • Table 40 FINANCIAL REPORTS FOR THE MAJOR METALLURGY/MINING COMPANIES, 2000-2003
    • ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY COMPANIES
      • Enhanced Oil Recovery Companies (Continued)
      • Enhanced Oil Recovery Companies (Continued)
  • Table 41 U.S. AND CANADIAN-BASED OIL AND GAS FIRMS REVENUES, 2000-2003 ($ MILLIONS)
    • SERVICE SUPPLY COMPANIES
  • Table 42 REVENUES FOR THE WORLDS TOP SERVICE-SUPPLY COMPANIES, 2000-2003 ($ MILLIONS)
• MERCHANT CARBON DIOXIDE DEMAND BY PRODUCT TYPE
  • INTRODUCTION
  • PRODUCTS SLATE
  • Table 43 GLOBAL CARBON DIOXIDE UTILIZATION BY PRODUCT, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
    • CARBON DIOXIDE GAS
    • SOLID/LIQUID CARBON DIOXIDE
      • Liquid
  • Table 44 GLOBAL SOLID AND LIQUID CARBON DIOXIDE DEMAND BY MARKET VALUE, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
    • Solid
      • Block
      • Pellet
  • Table 45 GLOBAL CARBON DIOXIDE DEMAND BY TYPE OF SOLID PRODUCT, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
• MERCHANT CO2 DEMAND BY PRODUCT/APPLICATION
  • INTRODUCTION
    • INTRODUCTION (CONTINUED)
    • LIQUID AND SOLID CARBON DIOXIDE DEMAND BY APPLICATION
  • Table 46 GLOBAL LIQUID/SOLID CARBON DIOXIDE UTILIZATION BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
  • Table 47 WORLD LIQUID AND SOLID CARBON DIOXIDE DEMAND BY APPLICATION, 2000-2008 (%)
    • CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
    • METAL INDUSTRY
    • PLASTICS INDUSTRY
    • FOOD INDUSTRY
    • PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY
    • BEVERAGE INDUSTRY
    • MEDICAL APPLICATIONS
    • CLEANING SYSTEMS
    • OIL AND GAS RECOVERY
    • MISCELLANEOUS
    • CARBON DIOXIDE GAS DEMAND BY APPLICATION
  • Table 48 GLOBAL CARBON DIOXIDE GAS UTILIZATION BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
  • Table 49 WORLD GAS CARBON DIOXIDE DEMAND BY APPLICATION, 2000-2008 (%)
    • FIREFIGHTING
    • AGRICULTURE
    • ENHANCED OIL AND GAS RECOVERY
    • CHEMICAL MANUFACTURE
• DEMAND BY TECHNOLOGY
  • INTRODUCTION
  • CARBON DIOXIDE DEMAND BY MANUFACTURING PLANT TECHNOLOGY
  • Table 50 CARBON DIOXIDE DEMAND BY MANUFACTURING PLANT TECHNOLOGY TYPE, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
    • LIQUEFYING CO2 FROM HIGH-PURITY SOURCES
    • RECOVERING CO2 FROM NATURAL SOURCES
    • CARBON DIOXIDE DEMAND BY RECOVERY/PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY
  • Table 51 WORLD CARBON DIOXIDE DEMAND BY RECOVERY TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
    • MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY
    • ADSORPTION
    • ABSORPTION
    • CRYOGENIC, LOW-TEMPERATURE DISTILLATION
    • OTHER TECHNIQUES
    • CARBON DIOXIDE DEMAND BY PURITY
  • Table 52 WORLD CARBON DIOXIDE DEMAND BY PURITY, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
    • RESEARCH GRADE (99.9999%)
    • ULTRA-HIGH-PURITY GRADE/INSTRUMENT GRADE (99.999%)
    • HIGH-PURITY GRADE/PROCESS GRADE (99.0% TO 99.998%)
    • CARBON DIOXIDE DEMAND BY DISTRIBUTION TECHNOLOGY
  • Table 53 WORLD CARBON DIOXIDE DEMAND BY DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
    • BULK SHIPMENTS
    • PACKAGED CYLINDERS
    • PIPELINES
    • DEMAND FOR CO2 EMISSION-MONITORING EQUIPMENT TECHNOLOGY
  • Table 54 TOTAL DEMAND FOR CO2-MONITORING EQUIPMENT BY TYPE, THROUGH 2008 (MILLION TONS CARBON EQUIVALENT)
    • NDIR
    • GFC
• THE GLOBAL CARBON CYCLE
  • INTRODUCTION
  • Figure 9 THE GLOBAL CARBON CYCLE (BILLION TONS CARBON; GTC)
  • Table 55 POTENTIAL AND COST OF VARIOUS U.S. CO2 MITIGATION OPTIONS
    • GLOBAL CARBON RESERVOIRS AND ATMOSPHERIC CARBON DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION
  • Table 56 GLOBAL CARBON RESERVOIRS
  • Table 57 GLOBAL CARBON DIOXIDE ANNUAL INCREASE IN THE ATMOSPHERE, THROUGH 2008 (GIGATONS OF CARBON)
    • PRODUCTION
      • NATURAL CO2 PRODUCTION
  • Table 58 GLOBAL NATURAL CARBON DIOXIDE PRODUCTION, THROUGH 2008 (GIGATONS OF CARBON)
    • Plant Respiration
    • Decay of Residues
    • Ocean Release
    • MAN-MADE CO2 PRODUCTION
  • Table 59 GLOBAL MAN-MADE CARBON DIOXIDE PRODUCTION, THROUGH 2008 (GIGATONS CARBON)
    • Changing Land Use
    • Fossil Fuels
    • ABSORBTION
  • Table 60 GLOBAL CARBON DIOXIDE ABSORPTION, THROUGH 2008 (GIGATONS CARBON)
    • NATURAL CO2 ABSORBTION
  • Table 61 GLOBAL NATURAL CARBON DIOXIDE ABSORPTION SINK, THROUGH 2008 (GIGATONS CARBON)
    • Photosynthesis
    • Ocean Uptake
    • Ecosystem
    • HUMAN CO2 ABSORPTION - UTILIZATION AS AN INDUSTRIAL GAS
  • Table 62 HUMAN-MADE GLOBAL CARBON DIOXIDE ABSORPTION BY APPLICATION SECTOR, THROUGH 2008 (GIGATONS CARBON)
    • Food Processing and Beverage Carbonation
    • Chemicals
    • Metal-Working
    • Enhanced Oil Recovery
    • Miscellaneous
• CO2 MANAGEMENT AND EMISSIONS-REDUCTION STRATEGIES
  • INTRODUCTION
  • NEW EVIDENCE OF GLOBAL WARMING
  • ATMOSPHERIC CARBON DIOXIDE
  • Table 63 GLOBAL CARBON DIOXIDE BALANCE, THROUGH 2008 (GIGATONS CARBON)
    • ENERGY-RELATED CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS BY END-USE SECTOR
  • Table 64 GLOBAL ENERGY-RELATED CO2 EMISSIONS BY SOURCE SECTOR, THROUGH 2008 (MILLION TONS CARBON EQUIVALENT)
    • TRANSPORTATION SECTOR CO2 EMISSIONS
    • INDUSTRIAL SECTOR CO2 EMISSIONS
    • BUILDINGS SECTOR CO2 EMISSIONS
    • ELECTRICAL SECTOR CO2 EMISSIONS
    • METHODS TO REDUCE MAN-MADE CO2 EMISSIONS
      • POPULATION
  • Table 65 HISTORICAL WORLD POPULATION AND ENERGY USE, 1853-2008
  • Table 66 HISTORICAL GROWTH RATES, 1850-2008 (%)
    • STANDARD OF LIVING (GDP/PERSON)
  • Table 67 MORE-RECENT DISTRIBUTION OF WORLD POPULATION, WEALTH (GDP), ENERGY USE, AND STANDARD OF LIVING, 2003
    • ENERGY EFFICIENCY (ENERGY/UNIT GDP)
  • Figure 10 THE EMERGING HYDROGEN ECONOMY
  • Table 68 MORE-RECENT WORLD DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION, WEALTH (GNP), AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY, 2003
    • Efficient Energy Technologies
    • Biofuels
    • Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
    • Industrial Sector
    • The Buildings Sector
    • CLEAN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES
      • High-Efficiency Coal-Fueled Power Plants
      • Advances in Natural Gas Turbines
      • Fuel Cells
      • Photovoltaic (PV) Cells
      • Nuclear Power Plants
        • Reactor Design Review Status
    • CARBON INTENSITIES
  • Table 69 GLOBAL ENERGY-RELATED CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSION BY REGION, THROUGH 2008 (MILLION TONS CARBON EQUIVALENT)
    • NORTH AMERICA
      • U.S.
        • Global Climate Change Initiative
        • Climate VISION
        • Climate Change Action Plan
        • Carbon Sequestration Partnerships
      • Canada
        • Future Kyoto Requirements
      • Mexico
  • Table 70 CARBON INTENSITIES IN NORTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES, THROUGH 2008 (METRIC TONS CARBON EQUIVALENT PER THOUSAND 1997 DOLLARS OF GDP)
    • EUROPE
  • Table 71 CARBON INTENSITIES IN SELECTED EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, PER REGION, THROUGH 2008 (METRIC TONS CARBON EQUIVALENT PER THOUSAND 1997 DOLLARS OF GDP)
    • ASIA
  • Table 72 CARBON INTENSITIES IN SELECTED ASIAN COUNTRIES, PER REGION, THROUGH 2008 (METRIC TONS CARBON EQUIVALENT PER THOUSAND 1997 DOLLARS OF GDP)
    • Australia
    • Japan
    • China
    • India
    • South Korea
    • ROW
      • Brazil
  • Table 73 CARBON INTENSITIES IN BRAZIL, THROUGH 2008 (METRIC TONS CARBON EQUIVALENT PER THOUSAND 1997 DOLLARS OF GDP)
    • South Africa
    • ENERGY MIX
  • Figure 11 SHARES OF WORLD CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS BY REGION AND FUEL TYPE
    • CARBON DIOXIDE SEQUESTRATION (CO2/UNIT ENERGY)
      • ENHANCING NATURAL TERRESTRIAL CYCLES
      • UNDERGROUND AND OCEAN SEQUESTRATION
  • Table 74 CARBON DIOXIDE SEQUESTRATION POTENTIAL BY GEOLOGIC APPROACH
    • Underground and Ocean Sequestration (Continued)
    • Deep Ocean
  • Figure 12 SKETCH OF A SOUTH-NORTH SECTION THROUGH THE NORTH SEA
    • Enhanced Oil Recovery
  • Table 75 CO2 UTILIZATION IN ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY BY SOURCE, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
    • Naturally Occurring
    • Anthropogenic
    • Enhanced Coal Bed Methane
    • Deep Saline Formations
    • Exhausted Oil and Gas Wells
    • CARBON SEQUESTRATION BY TERRESTRIAL APPROACHES
  • Table 76 CARBON DIOXIDE SEQUESTRATION POTENTIAL BY TERRESTRIAL APPROACH (GIGATONS CARBON)
    • CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS REDUCTION BY POLICY APPROACHES
  • Table 77 COMMONLY PROPOSED CO2-REDUCTION POLICIES
  • Table 78 SAMPLE POLICIES AND MEASURES TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN ANNEX I COUNTRIES
    • NORTH AMERICA
    • EUROPE
    • ASIA
    • CARBON DIOXIDE MONITORING AND VERIFICATION APPROACHES
      • UNDERGROUND CARBON DIOXIDE MONITORING
        • Detectors Lowered into Wells
        • Geophysical Techniques
        • Seismic Monitoring
        • Compliance Monitoring
        • Measuring Volcanic Gases: Continuous On-Site Gas Monitoring
        • Space-Based Tropospheric CO2 Monitoring
      • OCEAN CARBON DIOXIDE DISPOSAL MONITORING
      • SIMULATION
• TECHNOLOGY
  • INTRODUCTION
  • Figure 13 CARBON DIOXIDE RECOVERY AND UTILIZATION, INCLUDING CARBON MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
    • REFORMING TECHNOLOGIES
      • ADIABATIC PRE-REFORMING
      • TUBULAR (PRIMARY) REFORMING
      • ADVANCED REFORMING
      • SULFUR-PASSIVATED REFORMING
      • AUTOTHERMAL REFORMING
      • TWO-STEP REFORMING OR COMBINED TUBULAR/SECONDARY REFORMING
      • HEAT EXCHANGE REFORMING
      • CARBON DIOXIDE REFORMING OF METHANE
    • NONCATALYTIC PARTIAL OXIDATION TECHNOLOGY
      • COAL GASIFICATION TECHNOLOGY
    • SHIFT CONVERSION AND METHANATION TECHNOLOGY
      • SHIFT CONVERSION
      • METHANATION
    • FERMENTATION TECHNOLOGY
  • Figure 14 CORN MILLING PROCESS TECHNOLOGIES
    • CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND RECOVERY TECHNOLOGY
  • Table 79 POWER GENERATION EXHAUST GAS RATES AND CO2 FLUE GAS DATA
  • Figure 15 FLUOR DANIEL ECONAMINE SYSTEM FOR CO2 MANUFACTURE
    • INLET COOLING TECHNOLOGY
    • COMPRESSION TECHNOLOGY
    • OXIDATION TECHNOLOGY
    • AFTERCOOLING TECHNOLOGY
    • RECOVERY TECHNOLOGY
    • DRYING TECHNOLOGY
    • CONDENSING TECHNOLOGY
    • DISTILLATION TECHNOLOGY
    • SUBCOOLING TECHNOLOGY
    • STORAGE AND LOADING TECHNOLOGY
    • REFRIGERATION TECHNOLOGY
      • Block Presses
      • Pelletizers
      • CO2 Recovery System for Presses and Pelletizers
      • Dry-Ice Vapor Recovery
    • CARBON DIOXIDE DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL TECHNOLOGY
      • ON-SITE CARBON DIOXIDE PRODUCION TECHNOLOGY
      • BULK LIQUID DELIVERY AND STORAGE
      • MICROBULK GAS-DELIVERY SYSTEM
      • HIGH-PRESSURE GAS DELIVERY AND STORAGE TECHNOLOGY
      • MOBIL CARBON DIOXIDE PUMPING UNITS
      • PIPELINES
      • SHIP TANKERS
  • Table 80 LOGISTICS OF TANKER TRANSPORTATION OF CO2
    • ECONOMICS OF CO2 MANUFACTURE TECHNOLOGY (CAPTURE, COMPRESSION, DRYING, AND DISTRIBUTION)
  • Table 81 SPECIFIC INVESTMENT COST OF AMINE-BASED CO2 ABSORPTION PROCESS
  • Table 82 COST OF CO2 CAPTURE, COMPRESSION, AND DRYING
  • Figure 16 SUPPLY CURVE OF CO2 IN THE NETHERLANDS
  • Table 83 CAPACITY OF CO2 SOURCE, PIPELINE DIAMETER, AND COST PER TON CO2 TRANSPORTED (IR 5%, ECONOMIC LIFETIME 20 YEARS)
    • ECONOMICS OF CO2 MANUFACTURE(CONTINUED)
  • Figure 17 INCREMENTAL RATES OF RETURN FOR PERMIAN BASIN PROJECTS
  • Table 84 CAPITAL COST OF PIPELINES FOR TRANSMISSION OF CO2 ($ MILLIONS/YEAR)
  • Table 85 OPERATING COST FOR TRANSMISSION OF CO2 BY PIPELINES ($ MILLIONS/YEAR)
  • Table 86 COST FOR TRANSMISSION OF CO2 BY PIPELINES ($ MILLIONS/YEAR)
    • CATALYSTS TECHNOLOGY
      • CATALYSTS FOR CARBON DIOXIDE PRODUCTION
        • Reformation/Partial Oxidation
        • Carbon Monoxide Conversion
        • Methanation
        • Ammonia Synthesis
    • CARBON DIOXIDE SEQUESTRATION TECHNOLOGY
  • Table 87 ANTHROPOGENIC (MAN-MADE) CO2 FLOODS
  • Table 88 SCREENING CRITERIA FOR GAS-ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY TECHNOLOGY
  • Table 89 FIFTEEN-YEAR RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE U.S. CARBON SEQUESTRATION PROGRAM, 2000-2015
    • ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY TECHNOLOGY
  • Figure 18 SCHEMATIC OF ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY TECHNOLOGY
    • UNDERGROUND CO2 STORAGE TECHNOLOGY
      • Suitable Geologic Reservoirs for CO2 Storage
        • Saline Aquifers
  • Table 90 OBJECTIVES AND SCHEDULE OF THE CO2-INJECTION FIELD EXPERIMENT
    • Depleted Oil and Gas Fields
    • Coal Seams and Enhanced Coal Bed Methane Recovery
    • Oil Shales
    • Mafic Rock Bodies
    • GEOLOGY
      • Reservoir Heterogeneity
      • Sealing
      • Interactions Among Brine, Rock, and Gas
      • Geomicrobiological Interactions
      • Analogs
    • SEQUESTRATION COSTS AND POTENTIAL
  • Figure 19 CO2 SEQUESTRATION CAPACITY OF OIL AND GAS FIELDS
  • Table 91 CO2 SEQUESTRATION POTENTIAL
    • CO2 CAPTURE PROJECT
  • Table 92 R&D STUDIES SUPPORTED BY THE CO2 CAPTURE PROJECT
    • CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS: POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF ENERGY-EFFICIENT AND LOW-CARBON TECHNOLOGIES BY 2008 AND BEYOND
  • Table 93 POTENTIAL ANNUAL REDUCTIONS IN CARBON EMISSIONS AS A RESULT OF ENERGY-EFFICIENT TECHNOLOGIES, THROUGH 2008 (MILLION TONS CARBON EQUIVALENT)
    • RESIDENTIAL AND COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
      • Adoption of Residential Model Energy Codes
      • Commercial High-Efficiency Lamps and Electronic Ballasts
    • UTILITY SUPPLY
      • Replacement of Failed Steam Traps in Industrial Processes
    • INDUSTRY
      • Investing in Industrial Insulation Opportunities
    • TRANSPORTATION
      • Smoking Vehicles
      • Reducing Traffic
    • ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION AND CO2 CAPTURE TECHNIQUES
      • GAS TURBINES
        • Gas Turbines (Continued)
      • RECIPROCATING ENGINES
      • CO2 CAPTURE
  • Table 94 CO2 CONCENTRATIONS
  • Figure 20 CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE ROUTES AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
    • Post-Combustion Capture Technology
  • Figure 21 GAS TURBINE COMBINED CYCLE WITH POST- COMBUSTION CAPTURE OF CO2
    • Pre-Combustion Capture Technology
  • Figure 22 COAL-FIRED INTEGRATED GASIFICATION COMBINED-CYCLE (IGCC) WITH PRE-COMBUSTION CAPTURE OF CO2
    • Fuel Cells
  • Figure 23 SCHEMATIC FLOW DIAGRAM FOR THE ELECTRIC POWER PRODUCTION ALTERNATIVE USING MOLTEN CARBONATE FUEL CELLS (MCFS)
    • Coal-to-Electricity Power Plant with Zero Emissions
  • Figure 24 ZECA SCHEMATIC OF A COAL-TO-ELECTRICITY POWER PLANT WITH ZERO EMISSIONS
    • Oxyfuel Combustion
      • Oxyfuel Combustion (Continued)
  • Figure 25 ION-TRANSPORT OXYGEN AND POWER-GENERATION CYCLE
    • TECHNIQUE FOR HARVESTING ENERGY FROM WASTE HEAT AND REDUCING CO2 EMISSIONS
  • Figure 26 REDUCING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS USING ENHANCED COALBED METHANE
    • HYDROGEN EXTRACTION WITHOUT CO2
    • HEALTH AND SAFETY ISSUES
    • HEALTH AND SAFETY ISSUES (CONTINUED)
    • SAFETY
    • OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND HYGIENE
    • ENVIRONMENT
    • QUALITY
    • TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
  • Table 95 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENTS
  • Table 95 (CONTINUED)
  • Table 95 (CONTINUED)
  • Table 95 (CONTINUED)
  • Table 95 (CONTINUED)
  • Table 95 (CONTINUED)
    • PRODUCT DEVELOPMENTS/IMPORTANT APPROACHES
  • Table 96 PRODUCT DEVELOPMENTS/IMPORTANT APPROACHES
  • Table 96 (CONTINUED)
  • Table 96 (CONTINUED)
  • Table 96 (CONTINUED)
    • PROCESS/APPLICATIONS
  • Table 97 PROCESSES/APPLICATIONS
  • Table 97 (CONTINUED)
  • Table 97 (CONTINUED)
    • NEW TECHNOLOGIES FOR CO2 SEQUESTRATION, UTILIZATION, RECOVERY, AND EMISSIONS REDUCTION
      • Advanced CO2 Separation Technologies
        • Program Interests
      • Enhanced Coal Bed Methane CO2 Sequestration Technology
  • Figure 27 CO2-ENHANCED COAL BED METHANE PRODUCTION (STRAIGHT WELLS)
  • Figure 28 CANADA (ARC) ECBM PROJECT IN ALBERTA
    • Deep Sea Carbon Dioxide Sequestration Technology
  • Figure 29 CATEGORIZATION OF VARIOUS DEEP-SEA CO2 SEQUESTRATION TECHNIQUES
    • Solid-Form Carbon Dioxide Sequestration Technology
  • Figure 30 MATERIAL FLOWS IN FOSSIL ENERGY PRODUCTION COMBINED WITH MINERALIZATION SEQUESTRATION
    • Underground Sequestration
    • Utilization of CO2 in Sandstone Acidizing
  • Figure 31 CONVENTIONAL ACID TREATMENTS: (A) NO CO2, AND (B) ACID INJECTION AFTER CO2
    • Liquid Carbon Dioxide Utilization for Degreasing of Metal Parts
    • NEW ENERGY-PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION TECHNOLOGIES
      • Leaks and Spills Minimization
      • Fiscal and Tax Policies
      • Conversion Efficiency of Electric Power Plants
      • Clean Coal Technology
        • Ultrahigh-Temperature Coal Plants are More Efficient, Emit Much Less CO2
          • Ultrahigh-Temperature Coal (continued)
        • Zero-Emission Coal Power Plant
      • Power Plant Fuel Switching
      • Energy Intensity in the Industrial Sector
      • Energy-Efficient Technologies in the Residential and Commercial Sectors
      • Nonfiscal Policies
      • Deep Reductions in Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Fossil Fuels are Possible over the Next 50 to 100 Years
    • NEW TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGIES AND POLICIES
      • Automobile Efficiency
      • Switching to Less Carbon-Intensive Fuels
      • Renewable Energy Technologies
      • Maintenance and Operating Practices
      • Road Traffic Congestion Policies
        • Urban Planning to Encourage Low-Emissions Transport
      • Airline Traffic Congestion Policies
      • Capital Stock Turnover in Automobile and Aircraft Fleets
      • The Appropriate Mix of Policies
    • FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGY
      • Low-Temperature Fuel Cells
    • NEW CO2 RECOVERY TECHNOLOGY
    • NEW TECHNOLOGY APPROACHES TO FORESTRY AND AGRICULTURE
      • Forest Protection and Management
        • Storage Management
        • Sustainable Forest Management
      • Agricultural Soils
    • BIODIESEL TECHNOLOGY
  • Figure 32 TECHNOLOGICAL BIOMASS PLATFORMS
    • FINANCING ACTION UNDER THE CLIMATE CHANGE CONVENTION
      • The Conventions Financial Mechanism
      • The Global Environment Facility
        • The Global Environment Facility (Continued)
    • GLOBAL COOPERATION ON TECHNOLOGY
      • DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
      • TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CHANNELS
        • The Role of the GEF in Advanced Technology Transfer
      • ACTIVITIES IMPLEMENTED JOINTLY
      • CAPACITY BUILDING
      • CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM
  • Figure 33 CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM PROJECT CYCLE
  • Table 98 EXAMPLES OF CANDIDATE CDM PROJECTS PRESENTED AT WORKSHOPS
    • NEW LIFE-STYLE OPTION FOR THE ECO-MINDED: CARBON-NEUTRAL
      • CURRENT HABITS
  • Table 99 THE AVERAGE AMOUNT OF CARBON DIOXIDE GENERATED PER YEAR (2004)
    • Direct Household Energy Use
    • Travel Use
    • Sustainable Use
    • CHANGING OUR HABITS
      • Home Use
      • Travel Energy Use
      • General Use
      • Incorporating Changes into Our Lifestyles
• PATENT EVALUATION
  • Table 100 RECENT U.S. PATENTS IN CO2 RECOVERY AND UTILIZATION, AND CARBON MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
  • Table 100 (CONTINUED)
• RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
  • ENERGY-RELATED FUNDING ANNOUNCEMENTS FROM THE JOHANNESBURG SUMMIT
  • Table 101 ENERGY-RELATED FUNDING INITIATIVES FROM THE JOHANNESBURG SUMMIT
    • CARBON DIOXIDE APPLICATION ENVELOPES
      • PETROLEUM PRODUCTION AND REFINING TECHNOLOGY
        • Enhanced Oil Recovery Technology
          • EOR with CO2
          • Storage Capacity of Oil Reservoirs
          • CO2 EOR Limitations
      • FRESH MEAT PROCESSING AND SHIPPING TECHNOLOGY
      • FROZEN FOOD TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY
      • SPIRAL AND TUNNEL FREEZER TECHNOLOGY
      • WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY
      • SUPERCRITICAL GAS EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGY
      • LASER TECHNOLOGY
        • Composition of Laser Gases
        • Delivery of Laser Gases
        • Purity of Laser Gases
    • CARBON DIOXIDE RECOVERY AND UTILIZATION TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGES
      • CLEAN FUELS
      • BIOENERGY
      • STORAGE AND CONVERSION
      • SEPARATIONS
      • EFFICIENCY
      • AIR TRANSPORTATION
    • LEADERS IN RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT
      • BERKELEY LABORATORY EARTH SCIENCES DIVISION
        • More Energy from Gas and Coal
        • The Salt of the Earth
        • Cutting Costs
      • BLACKLIGHT POWER, INC.
      • CATALYTICA ENERGY SYSTEMS, INC.
      • CERAMIC FUEL CELLS. LTD.
      • CHEVRONTEXACO
      • CONVERGENCE RESEARCH
      • ECD OVONICS
      • EMEX CORP.
      • ENERGY, INTL.
      • ENERGY RESEARCH CO.
      • FUELCELL ENERGY, INC.
      • PACIFIC NORTHWEST NATIONAL LABORATORY
      • RLW ANALYTICS, INC.
      • THE SHATZ ENERGY RESEARCH CENTER
      • SUNPOWER
      • T/J TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
      • TRANS IONICS CORP.
      • UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS
        • Carbon Dioxide Flooding May Help Resurrect Old Oil Wells
          • How Does It Work?
        • GEO-SEQ
      • THE UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND
    • OTHER COMPANY EXPERTISE IN CO2 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
      • PRIVATE SECTOR COMPANIES INVOLVED IN CO2 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
        • Advanced Resources, Intl.
        • Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.
        • Analytic Power Corp.
        • Archon Industries, Inc.
        • Bangkok Industrial Gas
        • Bawany Air Products, Ltd.
        • BOC Gases
        • British Petroleum, plc
        • Brymill Corp.
        • Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc.
        • Cee Kay Supply
        • Central Glass
        • Chemgas
        • Cryogenic Rare Gas Laboratories, Inc.
        • Daido Sanso K.K.
        • Delille
        • Engelhard Process Chemicals
        • ENRG
        • Especial Gas
        • General Motors
        • Henderson International Technologies, Inc.
        • Holox
        • Honghua Specialty Gases
        • Hydrogen Systems NV
        • Intergas
        • Inwel Corp.
        • Inweld
        • IOI Corp. Berhad
        • Isotec, Inc.
        • JCI Jones Chemicals, Inc./JCI Milford
        • Johnson Matthey, plc
        • Kanoria Chemicals & Industries Group
        • Koatsu Gas Kogyo Co., Ltd.
        • Kyung In Gas
        • Linden
        • Matheson Gas Products
        • Mauna Loa Observatory
        • Millennium Cell, Inc.
        • Point Carbon
        • Pressure Dynamic Consultants, Inc.
        • Rockwell Automation
        • Sitt Tatt Industrial Gases
        • The Lincoln Electric Co.
        • Universal Industrial Gases, Inc.
        • Waste Management and Processors, Inc.
      • PUBLIC SECTOR, GOVERNMENTAL, AND EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS INVOLVED IN CO2 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
        • The Southeast Regional Center of the National Institute for Global Environmental Change
        • Oak Ridge National Laboratory
        • The National Center for Atmospheric Research
        • U.S. Geological Survey Carbon Cycle Research
        • NASA-Goddard Institute for Space Studies
        • U.S. Department of Agriculture
          • U.S. Department of Agriculture (Continued)
• INTERNATIONAL CO2 TRADE AND BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES
  • INTRODUCTION
    • THE KYOTO PROTOCOL
    • GOVERNMENT INCENTIVE PROGRAMS
  • THE MAJOR GLOBAL MERCHANT CARBON DIOXIDE PLAYERS
  • Table 102 WORLD MAJOR MERCHANT CARBON DIOXIDE PLAYERS BY MARKET VALUE, THROUGH 2003 ($ BILLIONS)
    • KINDER MORGAN
    • AIR LIQUIDE
      • Americas
      • Europe
      • Asia/Africa
    • PRAXAIR
      • North America and Europe
      • South America
      • Asia
    • AIR PRODUCTS
      • North America
      • Europe
      • Asia/South America
    • BOC
      • Americas
      • Europe
      • Africa/Asia
    • MESSER GRIESHEIM
      • Europe
      • South America
    • LINDE
      • North America/Europe
      • South America/Asia
    • NIPPON SANSO
    • AIRGAS
    • OTHERS
    • GLOBAL MERCHANT CARBON DIOXIDE DEMAND BY REGION
  • Table 103 WORLD MERCHANT CARBON DIOXIDE SALES BY REGION, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
    • NORTH AMERICA
    • EUROPE
    • ASIA
    • REST OF THE WORLD
    • GLOBAL MERCHANT CARBON DIOXIDE DEMAND BY APPLICATION
  • Table 104 GLOBAL MERCHANT CARBON DIOXIDE SALES BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
    • NORTH AMERICA
  • Table 105 NORTH AMERICA MERCHANT CARBON DIOXIDE SALES, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
    • Food Processing, Agriculture, and Beverage Carbonation
    • Chemicals
    • Metal Working
    • CO2 Enhanced Oil Recovery
  • Table 106 PLANNED CO2 EOR PROJECTS
    • Miscellaneous
    • EUROPE
  • Table 107 EUROPE MERCHANT CARBON DIOXIDE SALES BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
    • Food Processing, Agriculture, and Beverage Carbonation
    • Chemicals
    • Metal Working
    • Enhanced Oil Recovery
    • Miscellaneous
    • ASIA
  • Table 108 ASIA MERCHANT CARBON DIOXIDE SALES BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
    • Food Processing, Agriculture, and Beverage Carbonation
    • Chemicals
    • Metal Working
    • Enhanced Oil Recovery
    • Miscellaneous
    • REST OF THE WORLD
  • Table 109 REST OF WORLD MERCHANT CARBON DIOXIDE SALES BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
    • Food Processing, Agriculture, and Beverage Carbonation
    • Chemicals
    • Metal Working
    • Enhanced Oil Recovery
    • Miscellaneous
    • GLOBAL CARBON EMISSIONS TRADING/MARKET BY REGION
      • GLOBAL CARBON EMISSIONS(CONTINUED)
  • Table 110 GREENHOUSE GAS CREDIT PRICES BY TRADING PROGRAM
  • Table 111 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS TRADING BY REGION, THROUGH 2008 (MILLION TONS OF CARBON EQUIVALENT)
    • MAJOR BUYERS
    • LARGEST SELLERS
    • NORTH AMERICA
    • EUROPE
    • ASIA/REST OF THE WORLD
    • POTENTIAL OF CARBON TRADE FOR THE NATURAL GAS INDUSTRY
    • FACTORS AFFECTING MARKETS FOR CARBON EMISSIONS
      • FACTORS AFFECTING MARKETS(CONTINUED)
• COMPANY PROFILES
  • ASSOCIATIONS, MEMBERSHIP ORGANIZATIONS, AND AGENCIES
    • ALUMINIUM ASSOCIATION, THE
    • BIOCAP CANADA FOUNDATION
    • BLUE SOURCE, LLC
    • CALIFORNIA AIR RESOURCES BOARD
    • CALIFORNIA FUEL CELL PARTNERSHIP
    • CAMPDEN & CHORLEYWOOD FOOD RESEARCH
    • CANADIAN CLEAN POWER COALITION
    • CANADIAN HYDROGEN ASSOCIATION
    • CLIMATE VISION
    • ELECTRONICS MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
    • EMISSION MARKETING ASSOCIATION, INTL.
    • EPRI
    • EVOLUTION MARKETS
    • FALCON ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC.
    • GASES AND WELDING DISTRIBUTORS ASSOCIATION
    • GREENPEACE INTERNATIONAL
    • INTERNATIONAL EMISSIONS TRADING ASSOCIATION
    • NATIONAL HYDROGEN ASSOCIATION
    • NATIONAL MINING ASSOCIATION
    • OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION
    • PARTNERSHIP FOR A NEW GENERATION OF VEHICLES
    • Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (Continued)
    • PARTNERSHIP FOR CLIMATE ACTION
    • SUSTAINABLE BUSINESS NETWORK - GREENFLEET
    • THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN STEEL ENGINEERS
    • THE SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICAL MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
    • TRANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM
    • TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD
    • TRAVEL MATTERS
    • U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
    • U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY
    • U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
    • WALL STREET JOURNAL
    • WORLD BANK CARBON FINANCE BUSINESS
    • ZECA CORP.
  • CARBON DIOXIDE BLAST CLEANING
    • WICKENS INDUSTRIAL, LTD.
  • CARBON DIOXIDE RECOVERY/CAPTURE
    • CO2 CAPTURE TEST NETWORK
      • CO2 Capture Test Network (Continued)
    • CO2 CAPTURE PROJECT
    • CYNARA
    • FLUOR CORP.
    • MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES
    • TNO ENVIRONMENT, ENERGY AND PROCESS INNOVATION
  • CARBON DIOXIDE SEQUESTRATION AND MONITORING
    • ALBERTA RESEARCH COUNCIL
    • AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE
    • CANADIAN ENERGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE
    • CHEVRONTEXACO INTEGRATED GASIFICATION COMBINED CYCLE PROGRAM
    • CO2E
    • DAKOTA GASIFICATION CO.
    • ENCANA CORP.
    • ENTERGY CORP.
    • INTERNATIONAL TEST CENTRE
    • KINDER MORGAN
    • ONTARIO POWER GENERATION
    • PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH CENTRE
    • STATIOL
    • SUNCOR ENERGY
    • U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY SEQUESTRATION PROGRAM
  • CARBON DIOXIDE STORAGE VESSELS
    • INDUSTRIAL GAS STORAGE VESSELS & ENGINEERING SOLUTIONS
  • COMPONENT/EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURERS
    • ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
    • CHICAGO BRIDGE & IRON, NV
  • DISSOLVED CARBON DIOXIDE INSTRUMENTS AND AERATORS
    • ABS PUMPS, INC.
    • OCEAN OPTICS, INC.
  • ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION & TRANSMISSION
    • AES CORP.
    • AMERICAN ELECTRIC POWER CO.
    • CALPINE CORP.
    • DUKE ENERGY CORP.
    • E.ON AG
    • ELECTRABEL SA
    • ENDESA, SA
    • ENEL, SPA
    • FPL GROUP
    • GE ENERGY
    • IBERDROLA, SA
    • IDACORP TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
    • KANSAI ELECTRIC POWER CO., INC.
    • KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORP.
    • NORSK HYDRO, ASA
    • SCOTTISH POWER, PLC
    • TALISMAN ENERGY, INC.
    • TECO POWER SERVICES CORP.
    • TOKYO ELECTRIC POWER CO.
    • WHISTLER INVESTMENTS, INC.
  • ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES PROVIDERS
    • ABB LUMMUS GLOBAL GMBH
    • AMEC PROCESS AND ENERGY, LTD.
    • BIOFRIENDLY CORP.
    • BRITISH PETROLEUM
    • CARBONSIM
    • CATALYTICA ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
    • ENERGY CONVERSION DEVICES
    • ENERGY INTERNATIONAL CORP.
    • ENGINEERED GAS SYSTEMS
    • FMC CORP.
    • GREAT LAKES CARBON INCOME FUND
    • HUNT RESEARCH FOUNDATION
    • IIT RESEARCH INSTITUTE
    • INEOS FLUOR
    • POWER ENERGY FUELS, INC.
    • QUESTAIR TECHNOLOGIES
    • SCIENCE APPLICATIONS INTL. CORP.
    • SHELL GLOBAL SOLUTIONS, INTL.
    • SIEMENS
    • STARTECH ENVIRONMENTAL CORP.
    • SYNETIX
    • TEXACO ENERGY SYSTEMS, INC.
    • U.S. MAGNEGAS, INC.
    • UOP, LLC
  • FABRICATION AND CONSTRUCTION
    • TECHNIP
  • LEADING GLOBAL PROVIDERS, INDEPENDENT ANALYSIS, MARKET INTELLIGENCE, AND FORECASTING
    • ENVIRONMENTAL SOFTWARE PROVIDERS (ESP)
    • ICF CONSULTING
    • NATIONAL ROUND TABLE ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE ECONOMY
    • PEW CENTRE ON GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
    • PIONT CARBON
  • LICENSORS, CONTRACTORS, AND OPERATORS
    • ALCHEMIX CORP.
    • ALCOA, INC.
    • CHIYODA CORP.
    • ENERGETICS, INC.
    • ENGINEERED GAS SYSTEMS
    • FOSTER WHEELER CORP.
    • GENCOR INDUSTRIES, INC.
    • GREENFIELD COMPRESSION
    • HALDOR TOPSOE, A/S
    • HOWE-BAKER ENGINEERS, LTD.
    • KVAERNER, ASA
    • LURGI AG
    • M. W. KELLOG, LTD.
      • M. W. Kellog, Ltd. (continued)
    • STONE & WEBSTER
  • MERCHANT CO2 PRODUCERS AND DISTRIBUTORS
    • AIRGAS, INC.
    • AIR LIQUIDE GROUP
    • AIR PRODUCTS AND CHEMICALS, INC.
    • A-L COMPRESSED GASES
    • AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL & MEDICAL PRODUCTS, INC.
    • KYUNGIN GAS IND. CO., LTD.
    • LINDE AG
    • MESSER GRIESHEIM GMBH
    • MESSER NIPPON SANSO
    • MG INDUSTRIES
    • MITSUI CHEMICALS AMERICA, INC.
    • MITTLER SUPPLY
    • NIPPON SANSO CORP.
    • NUCO2, INC.
    • ORICA
    • PAIN ENTERPRISES
    • PRAXAIR, INC.
    • SPECIALTY GASES OF AMERICA
    • STUART ENERGY SYSTEMS
    • SUMITOMO SEIKA CHEMICALS CO., LTD.
    • TOROMONT PROCESS SYSTEMS, INC.
    • UTTAM AIR PRODUCTS PRIVATE, LTD.
    • VOLTAIX, INC.
    • WALLMAN DESENCE, LTD.
    • WHITE MARTINS, SA
  • UNIVERSITIES / RESEARCH / GOVERNMENT LABORATORIES
    • UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA
    • ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY
    • UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI
    • UNIVERSITY OF HOUSTON
    • IDAHO NATIONAL ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORY
    • UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN
    • INSTITUTE FRANCAIS DU PETROLE
    • UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY
    • LEHIGH UNIVERSITY
    • NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY
    • OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY
    • OFFICE OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGIES - U.S. DEPATMENT OF ENERGY
    • OFFICE OF PRODUCT MANAGEMENT FOR FUELS AND SPECIALTY MARKETS
    • PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY
    • ROBERT GORDON UNIVERSITY
  • CHEMICAL AND PETROLEUM SUPPLIERS
    • BASF CORP.
    • DOW CHEMICAL CO.
    • DUPONT CANADA, INC.
    • EXXONMOBIL CORP.
    • IMPERIAL CHEMICALS INDUSTRIES, PLC
    • METHANEX CORP.
    • MIDREX TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
    • RENTECH, INC.
    • SASOL SYNFUELS INTL. (PTY), LTD.
    • SHELL HYDROGEN
    • SUN REFINING AND MARKETING CO.
    • SYNCRUDE CANADA, LTD.
    • SYNTROLEUM CORP.
    • THERMAL CONVERSION CORP.
    • USERS IN ELECTRONICS PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING
    • SKYWORKS SOLUTIONS, INC.
    • TRIQUINT SEMICONDUCTOR, INC.
    • VITESSE SEMICONDUCTOR CORP.
  • USERS IN LASERS
    • COHERENT, INC., LASER GROUP
    • POINT FOUR SYSTEMS
  • USERS IN LOW-CO2 EMISSION ENGINES
    • BMW OF NORTH AMERICA, LLC
    • DAIMLERCHRYSLER CORP.
    • GENERAL MOTORS CORP.
    • NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
  • USERS IN METAL FABRICATION/PRODUCTION
    • AICHI STEEL WORKS
    • MACSTEEL
  • VENDORS
    • BETZDEARBORN HYDROCARBON PROCESS GROUP
    • COOPER INDUSTRIES CROUSE, HINDS DIVISION
    • CRYOFUEL SYSTEMS, INC.
    • ETS OSTRAVA, AS
    • FIBERCAST
    • PANAMETRICS, INC.
    • SIERRA MONITOR CORP.
    • THE TECHNOLOGY GROUP FOR GAS/SPEC
    • TRU-TEC SERVICES, INC.
    • VARIAN ASSOCIATES, INC.
• Summary Table: GLOBAL MERCHANT CARBON DIOXIDE UTILIZATION AND MANAGEMENT, THROUGH 2008
• Table 1 OVERVIEW OF POWER PLANT CAPITAL COST AND ELECTRICITY COST INCREASES
• Table 2 OVERVIEW OF CARBON DIOXIDE RECOVERY/CAPTURE TECHNOLOGIES
• Table 2 (CONTINUED)
• Table 2 (CONTINUED)
• Table 3 OVERVIEW OF CARBON DIOXIDE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
• Table 4 OVERVIEW OF MERCHANT GLOBAL CARBON DIOXIDE UTILIZATION BY SEGMENT, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
• Table 5 OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL CARBON DIOXIDE UTILIZATION BY PRODUCT, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
• Table 6 OVERVIEW OF TECHNOLOGICAL CARBON MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
• Table 7 HIGHLIGHTS OF CCXS FIRST AUCTION OF CO2 EMISSION ALLOWANCES*, SEPTEMBER 30, 2003
• Table 8 OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL CARBON DIOXIDE ANNUAL INCREASE IN THE ATMOSPHERE, THROUGH 2008 (GIGATONS OF CARBON)
• Table 9 GROWTH IN MAJOR U.S. INDICES, 1999-2004 (%)
• Table 10 OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL ENERGY-RELATED CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2008 (MILLION TONS CARBON EQUIVALENT/YEAR)
• Table 11 LEADING PLAYERS IN THE MERCHANT INDUSTRIAL GASES MARKETS, 2003
• Table 12 WORLD MERCHANT CARBON DIOXIDE SALES AND FORECAST BY REGION, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
• Table 13 INDUSTRIAL GASES MARKETS BY COMPANY/REGION, 2003 (%)
• Table 14 INDUSTRIAL GASES MARKETS BY SUPPLY CHAIN/REGION (%)
• Table 15 GLOBAL MERCHANT CARBON DIOXIDE SALES BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
• Table 16 INDUSTRIAL GASES COMPANY SALES BY SUPPLY METHOD, 2003 (%)
• Table 17 CHARACTERISTIC PLANTS, SUMMERIZED CARBON DIOXIDE CONTENT, FLOW RATE, AND COST OF CAPTURE FROM VARIOUS PURGE/OFFGASES STREAMS
• Table 18 POWER PLANT EFFICIENCY COMPARISON
• Table 19 THE COST OF CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE IN POWER GENERATION - VARIOUS POWER GENERATION PLANT COMPARISONS
• Table 20 CHARACTERISTICS OF POWER PLANTS WITH AND WITHOUT CO2 CAPTURE
• Table 20 (CONTINUED)
• Table 21 CHARACTERISTICS OF SPECULATIVE POWER PLANTS WITH AND WITHOUT CO2 CAPTURE
• Table 22 GLOBAL TRENDS IN POWER PLANT MARKET, SHARES BY REGION, 1994-2009* (%)
• Table 23 GLOBAL TRENDS IN POWER PLANT MARKET, SHARE BY PLANT TYPE, 1994-2009* (%)
• Table 24 THE COST OF PRODUCING HYDROGEN ($ PER GIGAJOULE)
• Table 25 SOURCES OF CO2 FOR PLANT INVESTMENT
• Table 26 CAPACITIES OF CO2 FOR PLANT INVESTMENT
• Table 27 CAPACITIES OF CO2 FOR PLANT INVESTMENT
• Table 28 ECONOMICS FOR CO2 CO-PRODUCTION USING GASIFICATION AND STEAM REFORMING
• Table 29 CARBON DIOXIDE PRODUCTION PROJECT JUSTIFICATION
• Table 30 COMPETITIVE POWER GENERATION FEEDSTOCK PRICES, THROUGH 2008 ($/MMBTU)
• Table 31 REMAINING RECOVERABLE HYDROCARBONS AND THEIR CARBON CONTENT
• Table 32 AVERAGE NATURAL GAS, CRUDE OIL, AND COAL PRICE, AND DIFFERENTIAL, 2000-2003
• Table 33 AVERAGE CURRENCY EXCHANGE RATES, 2000-2003
• Table 34 FINANCIAL REPORTS FOR MAJOR CHEMICALS COMPANIES, 2000-2003
• Table 34 (CONTINUED)
• Table 34 (CONTINUED)
• Table 35 FINANCIAL REPORTS FOR THE MAJOR PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIES, 2000-2003
• Table 35 (CONTINUED)
• Table 36 FINANCIAL REPORTS FOR THE MAJOR BIOPHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIES, 2000-2003
• Table 37 FINANCIAL REPORTS FOR THE MAJOR RENEWABLE ENERGY COMPANIES, 2000-2003
• Table 38 FINANCIAL REPORTS FOR THE MAJOR POWER GENERATION COMPANIES, 2000-2003
• Table 39 FINANCIAL REPORTS FOR THE MAJOR ELECTRONICS COMPANIES, 2000-2003
• Table 40 FINANCIAL REPORTS FOR THE MAJOR METALLURGY/MINING COMPANIES, 2000-2003
• Table 41 U.S. AND CANADIAN-BASED OIL AND GAS FIRMS REVENUES, 2000-2003 ($ MILLIONS)
• Table 42 REVENUES FOR THE WORLDS TOP SERVICE-SUPPLY COMPANIES, 2000-2003 ($ MILLIONS)
• Table 43 GLOBAL CARBON DIOXIDE UTILIZATION BY PRODUCT, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
• Table 44 GLOBAL SOLID AND LIQUID CARBON DIOXIDE DEMAND BY MARKET VALUE, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
• Table 45 GLOBAL CARBON DIOXIDE DEMAND BY TYPE OF SOLID PRODUCT, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
• Table 46 GLOBAL LIQUID/SOLID CARBON DIOXIDE UTILIZATION BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
• Table 47 WORLD LIQUID AND SOLID CARBON DIOXIDE DEMAND BY APPLICATION, 2000-2008 (%)
• Table 48 GLOBAL CARBON DIOXIDE GAS UTILIZATION BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
• Table 49 WORLD GAS CARBON DIOXIDE DEMAND BY APPLICATION, 2000-2008 (%)
• Table 50 CARBON DIOXIDE DEMAND BY MANUFACTURING PLANT TECHNOLOGY TYPE, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
• Table 51 WORLD CARBON DIOXIDE DEMAND BY RECOVERY TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
• Table 52 WORLD CARBON DIOXIDE DEMAND BY PURITY, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
• Table 53 WORLD CARBON DIOXIDE DEMAND BY DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
• Table 54 TOTAL DEMAND FOR CO2-MONITORING EQUIPMENT BY TYPE, THROUGH 2008 (MILLION TONS CARBON EQUIVALENT)
• Table 55 POTENTIAL AND COST OF VARIOUS U.S. CO2 MITIGATION OPTIONS
• Table 56 GLOBAL CARBON RESERVOIRS
• Table 57 GLOBAL CARBON DIOXIDE ANNUAL INCREASE IN THE ATMOSPHERE, THROUGH 2008 (GIGATONS OF CARBON)
• Table 58 GLOBAL NATURAL CARBON DIOXIDE PRODUCTION, THROUGH 2008 (GIGATONS OF CARBON)
• Table 59 GLOBAL MAN-MADE CARBON DIOXIDE PRODUCTION, THROUGH 2008 (GIGATONS CARBON)
• Table 60 GLOBAL CARBON DIOXIDE ABSORPTION, THROUGH 2008 (GIGATONS CARBON)
• Table 61 GLOBAL NATURAL CARBON DIOXIDE ABSORPTION SINK, THROUGH 2008 (GIGATONS CARBON)
• Table 62 HUMAN-MADE GLOBAL CARBON DIOXIDE ABSORPTION BY APPLICATION SECTOR, THROUGH 2008 (GIGATONS CARBON)
• Table 63 GLOBAL CARBON DIOXIDE BALANCE, THROUGH 2008 (GIGATONS CARBON)
• Table 64 GLOBAL ENERGY-RELATED CO2 EMISSIONS BY SOURCE SECTOR, THROUGH 2008 (MILLION TONS CARBON EQUIVALENT)
• Table 65 HISTORICAL WORLD POPULATION AND ENERGY USE, 1853-2008
• Table 66 HISTORICAL GROWTH RATES, 1850-2008 (%)
• Table 67 MORE-RECENT DISTRIBUTION OF WORLD POPULATION, WEALTH (GDP), ENERGY USE, AND STANDARD OF LIVING, 2003
• Table 68 MORE-RECENT WORLD DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION, WEALTH (GNP), AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY, 2003
• Table 69 GLOBAL ENERGY-RELATED CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSION BY REGION, THROUGH 2008 (MILLION TONS CARBON EQUIVALENT)
• Table 70 CARBON INTENSITIES IN NORTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES, THROUGH 2008 (METRIC TONS CARBON EQUIVALENT PER THOUSAND 1997 DOLLARS OF GDP)
• Table 71 CARBON INTENSITIES IN SELECTED EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, PER REGION, THROUGH 2008 (METRIC TONS CARBON EQUIVALENT PER THOUSAND 1997 DOLLARS OF GDP)
• Table 72 CARBON INTENSITIES IN SELECTED ASIAN COUNTRIES, PER REGION, THROUGH 2008 (METRIC TONS CARBON EQUIVALENT PER THOUSAND 1997 DOLLARS OF GDP)
• Table 73 CARBON INTENSITIES IN BRAZIL, THROUGH 2008 (METRIC TONS CARBON EQUIVALENT PER THOUSAND 1997 DOLLARS OF GDP)
• Table 74 CARBON DIOXIDE SEQUESTRATION POTENTIAL BY GEOLOGIC APPROACH
• Table 75 CO2 UTILIZATION IN ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY BY SOURCE, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
• Table 76 CARBON DIOXIDE SEQUESTRATION POTENTIAL BY TERRESTRIAL APPROACH (GIGATONS CARBON)
• Table 77 COMMONLY PROPOSED CO2-REDUCTION POLICIES
• Table 78 SAMPLE POLICIES AND MEASURES TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN ANNEX I COUNTRIES
• Table 79 POWER GENERATION EXHAUST GAS RATES AND CO2 FLUE GAS DATA
• Table 80 LOGISTICS OF TANKER TRANSPORTATION OF CO2
• Table 81 SPECIFIC INVESTMENT COST OF AMINE-BASED CO2 ABSORPTION PROCESS
• Table 82 COST OF CO2 CAPTURE, COMPRESSION, AND DRYING
• Table 83 CAPACITY OF CO2 SOURCE, PIPELINE DIAMETER, AND COST PER TON CO2 TRANSPORTED (IR 5%, ECONOMIC LIFETIME 20 YEARS)
• Table 84 CAPITAL COST OF PIPELINES FOR TRANSMISSION OF CO2 ($ MILLIONS/YEAR)
• Table 85 OPERATING COST FOR TRANSMISSION OF CO2 BY PIPELINES ($ MILLIONS/YEAR)
• Table 86 COST FOR TRANSMISSION OF CO2 BY PIPELINES ($ MILLIONS/YEAR)
• Table 87 ANTHROPOGENIC (MAN-MADE) CO2 FLOODS
• Table 88 SCREENING CRITERIA FOR GAS-ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY TECHNOLOGY
• Table 89 FIFTEEN-YEAR RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE U.S. CARBON SEQUESTRATION PROGRAM, 2000-2015
• Table 90 OBJECTIVES AND SCHEDULE OF THE CO2-INJECTION FIELD EXPERIMENT
• Table 91 CO2 SEQUESTRATION POTENTIAL
• Table 92 R&D STUDIES SUPPORTED BY THE CO2 CAPTURE PROJECT
• Table 93 POTENTIAL ANNUAL REDUCTIONS IN CARBON EMISSIONS AS A RESULT OF ENERGY-EFFICIENT TECHNOLOGIES, THROUGH 2008 (MILLION TONS CARBON EQUIVALENT)
• Table 94 CO2 CONCENTRATIONS
• Table 95 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENTS
• Table 95 (CONTINUED)
• Table 95 (CONTINUED)
• Table 95 (CONTINUED)
• Table 95 (CONTINUED)
• Table 95 (CONTINUED)
• Table 96 PRODUCT DEVELOPMENTS/IMPORTANT APPROACHES
• Table 96 (CONTINUED)
• Table 96 (CONTINUED)
• Table 96 (CONTINUED)
• Table 97 PROCESSES/APPLICATIONS
• Table 97 (CONTINUED)
• Table 97 (CONTINUED)
• Table 98 EXAMPLES OF CANDIDATE CDM PROJECTS PRESENTED AT WORKSHOPS
• Table 99 THE AVERAGE AMOUNT OF CARBON DIOXIDE GENERATED PER YEAR (2004)
• Table 100 RECENT U.S. PATENTS IN CO2 RECOVERY AND UTILIZATION, AND CARBON MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
• Table 100 (CONTINUED)
• Table 101 ENERGY-RELATED FUNDING INITIATIVES FROM THE JOHANNESBURG SUMMIT
• Table 102 WORLD MAJOR MERCHANT CARBON DIOXIDE PLAYERS BY MARKET VALUE, THROUGH 2003 ($ BILLIONS)
• Table 103 WORLD MERCHANT CARBON DIOXIDE SALES BY REGION, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
• Table 104 GLOBAL MERCHANT CARBON DIOXIDE SALES BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
• Table 105 NORTH AMERICA MERCHANT CARBON DIOXIDE SALES, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
• Table 106 PLANNED CO2 EOR PROJECTS
• Table 107 EUROPE MERCHANT CARBON DIOXIDE SALES BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
• Table 108 ASIA MERCHANT CARBON DIOXIDE SALES BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
• Table 109 REST OF WORLD MERCHANT CARBON DIOXIDE SALES BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
• Table 110 GREENHOUSE GAS CREDIT PRICES BY TRADING PROGRAM
• Table 111 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS TRADING BY REGION, THROUGH 2008 (MILLION TONS OF CARBON EQUIVALENT)
• Summary Figure:
• Figure 1 POST-COMBUSTION CO2 RECOVERY COST
• Figure 2 CARBON DIOXIDE GEOLOGICAL STORAGE TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS
• Figure 3 COST GOAL FOR CARBON SEQUESTRATION
• Figure 4 OVERVIEW OF CARBON DIOXIDE FLOWS (BILLION TONS CARBON)
• Figure 5 THE MERCHANT CARBON DIOXIDE DISTRIBUTION CHAIN
• Figure 6 CHEMICAL CONVERSION-FEEDS AND PRODUCTS
• Figure 7 THE AMOUNT OF CO2 PRODUCED VARIANCE WITH FUEL TYPE (KG CO2/CJ)
• Figure 8 CARBON DIOXIDE PRODUCTION BY TYPE OF POWER PLANT (CO2 EMISSION, G/KWH)
• Figure 9 THE GLOBAL CARBON CYCLE (BILLION TONS CARBON; GTC)
• Figure 10 THE EMERGING HYDROGEN ECONOMY
• Figure 11 SHARES OF WORLD CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS BY REGION AND FUEL TYPE
• Figure 12 SKETCH OF A SOUTH-NORTH SECTION THROUGH THE NORTH SEA
• Figure 13 CARBON DIOXIDE RECOVERY AND UTILIZATION, INCLUDING CARBON MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
• Figure 14 CORN MILLING PROCESS TECHNOLOGIES
• Figure 15 FLUOR DANIEL ECONAMINE SYSTEM FOR CO2 MANUFACTURE
• Figure 16 SUPPLY CURVE OF CO2 IN THE NETHERLANDS
• Figure 17 INCREMENTAL RATES OF RETURN FOR PERMIAN BASIN PROJECTS
• Figure 18 SCHEMATIC OF ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY TECHNOLOGY
• Figure 19 CO2 SEQUESTRATION CAPACITY OF OIL AND GAS FIELDS
• Figure 20 CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE ROUTES AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
• Figure 21 GAS TURBINE COMBINED CYCLE WITH POST- COMBUSTION CAPTURE OF CO2
• Figure 22 COAL-FIRED INTEGRATED GASIFICATION COMBINED-CYCLE (IGCC) WITH PRE-COMBUSTION CAPTURE OF CO2
• Figure 23 SCHEMATIC FLOW DIAGRAM FOR THE ELECTRIC POWER PRODUCTION ALTERNATIVE USING MOLTEN CARBONATE FUEL CELLS (MCFS)
• Figure 24 ZECA SCHEMATIC OF A COAL-TO-ELECTRICITY POWER PLANT WITH ZERO EMISSIONS
• Figure 25 ION-TRANSPORT OXYGEN AND POWER-GENERATION CYCLE
• Figure 26 REDUCING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS USING ENHANCED COALBED METHANE
• Figure 27 CO2-ENHANCED COAL BED METHANE PRODUCTION (STRAIGHT WELLS)
• Figure 28 CANADA (ARC) ECBM PROJECT IN ALBERTA
• Figure 29 CATEGORIZATION OF VARIOUS DEEP-SEA CO2 SEQUESTRATION TECHNIQUES
• Figure 30 MATERIAL FLOWS IN FOSSIL ENERGY PRODUCTION COMBINED WITH MINERALIZATION SEQUESTRATION
• Figure 31 CONVENTIONAL ACID TREATMENTS: (A) NO CO2, AND (B) ACID INJECTION AFTER CO2
• Figure 32 TECHNOLOGICAL BIOMASS PLATFORMS
• Figure 33 CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM PROJECT CYCLE