Materials for Proton Exchange Membranes and Membrane Electrode Assemblies for PEM Fuel Cells

Table of Contents

• INTRODUCTION
  • STUDY GOAL AND OBJECTIVES
  • REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY
  • CONTRIBUTION OF THE STUDY AND FOR WHOM
  • SCOPE AND FORMAT
  • METHODOLOGY AND INFORMATION SOURCES
  • ANALYSTS' CREDENTIALS
  • RELATED BCC RESEARCH WORK CREDENTIALS
  • BCC ONLINE SERVICES
  • DISCLAIMER
• SUMMARY
  • MATERIALS FOR PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANES AND MEMBRANE ELECTRODE ASSEMBLIES FOR PEM FUEL CELLS
  • Summary Table:
  • FORECAST OF DEFINED COMPONENTS FOR PEM FUEL CELLS IN NORTH AMERICA, THROUGH 2011 ($ MILLIONS)
  • Summary Figure:
  • FORECAST OF DEFINED COMPONENTS FOR PEM FUEL CELLS IN NORTH AMERICA, 2000-2011 ($ MILLIONS)
• OVERVIEW
  • MARKET ENVIRONMENT
    • ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
      • Environmental Issues (Continued)
  • ADVANCES
  • INNOVATION DRIVER
  • REGULATORY ISSUES AND GOVERNMENT INVOLVEMENT
    • Department of Energy
      • Department of Energy (Continued)
  • Figure 1 OIL USE BY LIGHT-DUTY VEHICLES
    • Office of Science
  • NATIONAL HYDROGEN ASSOCIATION
    • How Much Hydrogen Is Needed?
  • Table 1 FOCUS OF THE NATIONAL HYDROGEN VISION
  • Table 2 PROPOSED TIMELINE FOR THE HYDROGEN ECONOMY
    • NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION
      • DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
        • Army Research Laboratory
        • USAF Research Laboratory
        • Naval Research Laboratory
    • NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION (NASA)
      • Jet Propulsion Laboratory
  • Figure 2 JPL TWELVE-CELL DMFC STACK
    • ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS' INVOLVEMENT IN FUEL CELL DEVELOPMENT
  • Table 3 MAJOR INSTITUTIONAL RESEARCH INTO PEM FUEL CELLS
    • OTHER
  • ISSUES
    • BARRIERS
  • CRITERIA FOR COMMERCIALLY VIABLE FUEL CELLS
  • CONDUCTION IN PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUEL CELLS
  • MARKET DRIVERS
    • PRICING
      • Status PEM Fuel Cell Cost
      • Life-Cycle Costs
  • FUNDAMENTALS OF PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUEL CELL
    • LEGACY TECHNOLOGY
      • Direct Methanol Fuel Cells
  • REGENERATIVE OR REVERSIBLE FUEL CELLS
    • FUEL CELL CHARACTERISTICS
    • FUEL PROCESSING
      • Improved Hydrogen Separation
      • Filtering Hydrogen and Oxygen
    • BRIEF OVERVIEW OF MEMBRANES
  • MEMBRANE PROCESSES
  • PRICE
    • VALUE OF U.S. MEMBRANE MARKET
    • ELECTROCHEMICAL MEMBRANE MARKET SECTORS
  • WRAPPING UP
• PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANES FOR FUEL CELLS
  • PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANES FOR FUEL CELLS
  • TECHNOLOGY CHALLENGES
  • Table 4 ADVANTAGES OF A HIGHER TEMPERATURE MEMBRANE FOR A PEM FUEL CELL
    • CHOOSING NEW MEMBRANES
  • Table 5 PARAMETER VARIABLES FOR NEW ELECTROLYTE MEMBRANES
  • Table 6 PEM ELECTROLYTE ISSUES
    • HIGH TEMPERATURE MEMBRANES
    • OTHER OPTIONS
      • Functionalized Membrane
      • Alternative Organic Fuels
      • Pretreatment of Membrane
    • WATER TRANSPORT PROCESSES
  • Figure 3 WATER TRANSPORT IN A PEM FUEL CELL
    • PROTONATED WATER CLUSTERS
    • FREEZING TEMPERATURE ISSUES
  • FABRICATION OF MEMBRANES
  • Table 7 MEMBRANE FABRICATION TECHNIQUE
    • CASTING SOLVENT
      • Ethylene Glycol as Solvent
    • IMPACT OF MEMBRANE THICKNESS
  • APPROACHES TO IONOMER SYNTHESIS
  • Table 8 APPROACHES TO FUEL CELL IONOMER SYNTHESIS
    • EVOLUTION OF MATERIALS FOR PEMs
      • DURABILITY OF MEMBRANES
    • FUNCTIONALIZED HYDROCARBONS
    • POLYFUEL HYDROCARBON MEMBRANE
    • TORAY'S HYDROCARBON MEMBRANE
    • JSR MULTILAYERED STRUCTURE
    • BAM MEMBRANES
    • MODIFIED POLYSTYRENE SULFONATED MEMBRANES
    • POLYETHERETHER KETONE (PEEK)
  • Figure 4 REPRESENTATIONS OF PEEK VARIATIONS
    • HOKU SCIENTIFIC'S sEK MEMBRANE
    • TOSOH'S POLY(ARYLENE ETHER SULFONE)
    • SULFONATED POLY(ARYLENE ETHER) SULFONES
  • Figure 5 STRUCTURE OF BPSH-XX
  • Table 9 VIRGINIA TECH BPS MEMBRANE PROPERTIES COMPARED WITH NAFION 117
    • Direct Synthesis
      • Reduced Electro-Osmotic Drag
      • Conductivity
    • ARGONNE'S DENDRITIC SULFONATED POLYARYL ETHER
    • SULFONATION OF STYRENE CONTAINING BLOCK COPOLYMERS
  • Figure 6 SCHEMATIC DAIS ION-SELECTIVE MEMBRANE TRIBLOCK COPOLYMER
    • Ethylene Styrene Interpolymers
    • Polystyrene Sulfonic Acid/Polyvinyl Alcohol Blend
    • Gas Technology Institute Membrane
  • PERFLUOROCARBONSULFONIC ACID IONOMERS
    • PERFLUOROCARBONSULFONIC ...(Continued)
  • Figure 7 GENERALIZED STRUCTURE OF NAFION
    • NAFION PFSA MEMBRANES
  • Table 10 FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF NAFION PFSA MEMBRANES
    • GORE SELECT
  • Table 11 CONDUCTANCE COMPARISONS
    • ACIPLEX
    • FLEMION
  • HETEROCYCLIC AND POLYBENIMIDIZOLE (PBI) MEMBRANES
    • PEMEAS AND CELTEC
  • Figure 8 STRUCTURAL UNIT OF PBI
    • TEXAS VARIATIONS OF PBI MEMBRANE
    • PLUG POWER AND DOE AND PBI
    • RENSSALAER'S CHAIN-TRANSFER (RAFT) POLYMERIZATION
    • SAMSUNG'S POLYIMIDE DERIVATIVE
    • SULFONATED PERFLUOROCYCLOBUTANE
      • Other Modifications of PBI
  • Figure 9 PHOSPHORIC ACID DOPED PBI POLYMER COMPLEX
    • SULFONATED POLYIMIDES
      • Tailored Imides
    • POLY(BISBENZOXAZOLE) [PBO]
    • UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS CO-POLYMERS
  • COMPOSITES
    • ACIPLEX AND TITANIAS
    • INORGANIC-ORGANIC COMPOSITE
    • MODIFIED SILOXANE (ORMOSIL)
    • ORGANIC/HETEROPOLYACIDS AND NAFION
    • ANILINE AND PERFLUOROSULFONIC ACID POLYMER
    • RANDOM FIBERS AND PERFLUORINATED MEMBRANES
    • IONIC GEL FILL
    • ZIRCONIUM PHOSPHONATE FILL
  • OTHERS
    • GEORGIA TECH TRIAZOLE BOOSTER
      • Dow XUS 13204.1
  • Figure 10 DOW MONOMER
    • Altergy Freedom Power
  • ACID FUNCTIONAL FLUOROPOLYMERS MEMBRANE
  • NOVEL ION SELECTIVE MEMBRANES
    • Glass Membrane
    • Glass Layer Improves Humidity
    • PEM Converted to Microfiber
    • Metallized Bio-Cellulosics
  • DIRECT METHANOL FUEL CELLS
    • DIRECT METHANOL FUEL CELLS (Continued)
  • Figure 11 SCHEMATIC DMFC CHEMISTRY
    • DMFC ANODE PROBLEMS
      • Toshiba Approach
  • GEN IV
  • MEDIS' CONDUCTIVE POLYMER
  • GENERICS' CMR
  • ENERGY VENTURES RESEARCH
  • POLYFUEL
  • SMART FUEL CELL
  • ADDITIONAL INNOVATIONS
    • Gillette Co.
    • Sony Corp.
    • Los Alamos National Laboratory
    • California Institute Of Technology
    • University Of Connecticut
    • Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Corp.
    • Gore DMFC
    • Maxdem Technologies
    • Russian Academy of Sciences
    • Ube Industries, Ltd.
  • GLOBAL DMFC SUMMARY
  • Table 12 COMPANIES INVOLVED IN DIRECT METHANOL FUEL CELLS
  • Table 12 (CONTINUED)
    • VALUE OF PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANES FOR FUEL CELLS
      • VALUE OF PROTON EXCHANGE...(Continued)
  • Table 13 FORECAST OF PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANES FOR FUEL CELLS IN NORTH AMERICA BY TYPE, THROUGH 2010 ($ MILLIONS)
    • WAY FORWARD
      • Way Forward (Continued)
      • Way Forward (Continued)
• STRUCTURE OF THE MEMBRANES FOR PEM FUEL CELL INDUSTRY
  • BACKGROUND
    • ION-SELECTIVE MEMBRANE PRODUCERS
  • Table 14 COMPANIES PRODUCING ION SELECTIVE MEMBRANES FOR PEM FUEL CELLS
  • Table 14 (CONTINUED)
    • PEM MATERIALS MARKET SHARE
  • Table 15 PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE MATERIAL BY TYPE, 2006
    • MARKET SHARE of PEM COMPANIES IN NORTH AMERICA
  • Table 16 ESTIMATED MARKET SHARE PEM COMPANIES IN NORTH AMERICA, 2006
    • GLOBAL INVOLVEMENT IN PEM FUEL CELLS
      • GLOBAL INVOLVEMENT IN ...(Continued)
  • COMPANY PROFILES
    • ASAHI GLASS CO., LTD.
    • ASAHI KASEI CHEMICALS CORP.
    • BALLARD POWER SYSTEMS
      • U.S. Offices
      • Ballard Material Products
    • DAIS ANALYTIC CORP.
    • DUPONT FUEL CELLS
      • Nafion Membranes and Solutions
      • Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Development
    • Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Development (Continued)
  • GINER ELECTROCHEMICAL SYSTEMS, LLC
  • GOLDEN ENERGY FUEL CELL CO., LTD.
  • GORE FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES
  • HOKU SCIENTIFIC, INC.
  • HYDROGENICS CORP.
  • IDATECH, LLC
  • JSR CORP.
  • MAXDEM, UNC.
  • MEDIS EL
    • Medis Technologies, Ltd.
  • MILLENIUM CELL
  • MTI MICRO/MECHANICAL TECHNOLOGY
  • PEMEAS GMBH
  • PLUG POWER
  • POLYFUEL
  • PURE ENERGY VISIONS CORP.
  • RELION
  • TORAY INDUSTRIES, INC.
  • UNITED TECHNOLOGY CORP. FUEL CELLS
  • OTHERS
    • Others (Continued)
• MEA, GASEOUS DIFFUSION LAYERS, AND BIPOLAR PLATES
  • MEA CONFIGURATION
  • Figure 12 SCHEMATIC SIMPLE MEA
    • STEPS IN ASSEMBLY OF THE MEA
  • Figure 13 SCHEMATIC FOR CONCEPTUAL MEA CREATION
    • MANUFACTURING
  • PERFORMANCE GOALS FOR MEAs
  • Table 17 FUEL CELL MEA PERFORMANCE GOALS
    • COST GOALS
  • FUNCTIONING STACKS
    • ELECTROCHEMISTRY
    • CARBON CORROSION
  • GRAPHITES
    • ASBURY GRAPHITE MILLS APPROACH
    • CRYSTAL GRAPHITE APPROACH
    • TIMCAL SYNTHETIC GRAPITE APPROACH
  • GAS DIFFUSION LAYER
    • ATTRIBUTES OF GAS DIFFUSION LAYERS
  • Table 18 ATTRIBUTES NEEDED FOR GAS DIFFUSION LAYER MATERIALS
    • GDL MANUFACTURING TECHNIQUES
  • Table 19 PROS AND CONS OF GDL MANUFACTURING TECHNIQUES
    • GDL ADVANCEMENTS
      • Developments at Graftech International
      • Developments at Umicore AG
      • Developments at Ballard Material Products
      • Developments at Johnson Matthey
      • Developments at Lydall, Inc.
      • Developments at Mitsubishi Rayon
      • Developments at SGL Carbon Group
  • Table 20 TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF SIGRACET GAS DIFFUSION LAYER
    • Developments at Toray/Mitsui
    • Developments at Zoltek
    • Other Developments
    • INDEX OF SPECIALTY CARBON SUPPLIERS
  • Table 21 INDEX OF SPECIALTY CARBON/GDL SUPPLIERS
    • VALUE OF GDL AND CARBONS FOR PEM FUEL CELLS
  • Table 22 VALUE OF GDL AND CARBONS FOR PEM FUEL CELLS THROUGH 2011 ($ MILLIONS)
    • BIPOLAR PLATES AND MEMBRANE ELECTRODE ASSEMBLY
      • DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR BIPOLAR PLATES
  • Table 23 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR BIPOLAR PLATES
  • Table 24 MATERIAL TYPES FOR BIPOLAR PLATES
    • Corrosion Protection of Metallic Plates
      • Ballard Powers' Bipolar Metal Plate
      • Surface Modification
    • Tech-Etch Metal Plates
    • ECPower/Sorapec Approach
    • Entegris Approach
    • Generics Porous Plates Approach
    • T8 Series
    • IdaTech Layered Bipolar Plate Assembly
    • Use of Thermoplastic
    • Intelligent Energy's Proprietary Design
    • Nisshinbo Approach
    • PEM Plates Approach
    • Plug Power Assembly
    • Porvair Approach
    • SGL Technologies Approach
  • Table 25 SGL BIPOLAR PLATE TYPICAL PROPERTIES
    • Improved Gasket Approach
    • Sumitomo Metal Approach
  • INDEX TO BIPOLAR PLATE COMPANIES
  • Table 26 INDEX OF BIPOLAR PLATE SUPPLIERS
  • Table 26 (CONTINUED)
    • Ancillary Factors
  • VALUE OF BIPOLAR PLATE/ COLLECTORS FOR PEM FUEL CELLS
  • Table 27 VALUE OF BIPOLAR PLATES/COLLECTORS FOR MEAS THROUGH 2011 ($ MILLIONS)
    • MEAS COMPANIES' FOCUS
    • 3M Innovative Properties Co. Approach
    • DuPont Approach
    • GM Approach
    • Hoku Scientific Approach
    • PEMEAS/E-Tek Approach
    • Palcan Power Systems Approach
    • ReliOn/Avista Approach
    • Gore Approach
    • Other Innovations
  • STRUCTURE OF THE MEA INDUSTRY
  • Table 28 ESTIMATED MARKET SHARE OF MEA COMPANIES IN NORTH AMERICA, 2006
    • MEA COMPANY PROFILES
    • 3M
    • Ballard Power Systems
      • Ballard Material Products, Inc.
    • DuPont Fuel Cell
    • Electrochem, Inc.
    • General Electric
    • General Motors, Corp.
    • Gore Fuel Cell Technologies
      • W.L. Gore & Assoc., Inc.
    • Hoku Scientific, Inc.
    • Hydrogenics Corp.
    • Johnson Matthey
    • Lynntech Industries, Inc.
    • Manhattan Scientifics, Inc.
      • Research Headquarters
    • Materials and Electrochemical Research Corp.
    • Nuvant Systems, Inc.
    • Nuvera Fuel Cells
      • Nuvera Fuel Cells Europe
    • Palcan Fuel Cells Ltd.
    • Pemeas/E-Tek
    • Plug Power/H Power
    • ReliOn/Avista Corp.
    • UTC Power
  • VALUE OF MEMBRANE ELECTRODE ASSEMBLIES
  • Table 29 VALUE OF MEMBRANE ELECTRODE ASSEMBLIES IN NORTH AMERICA, THROUGH 2011 ($ MILLIONS)
    • Value of Membrane Electrode...(Continued)
• CATALYSTS AND INKS
  • BACKGROUND
  • MARKET DYNAMICS
    • COST IS AN ISSUE
    • DOE GOALS
  • CATALYST DURABILITY
    • CATALYST PARTICLE SIZE
  • PLATINUM AND PLATINUM GROUP METALS
    • PLATINUM MARKETS AND CONSUMPTION
  • Table 30 WORLD PLATINUM SUPPLY, 2005 (THOUSAND OUNCES)
  • Table 31 WORLD PLATINUM DEMAND, 2005 (THOUSAND OUNCES)
    • U.S. PRODUCTION
  • Table 32 U.S. STATISTICS FOR PLATINUM
    • CATALYTIC CONVERTERS
    • COST OF PLATINUM GROUP METALS
    • PRODUCER AND CONSUMER CONFLICTS
  • CATALYST COATED MEMBRANES
    • DUPONT METHOD
    • POLYFUEL METHOD
    • AEROGEL COMPOSITE'S METHOD
  • Figure 14 PREPARATION OF CARBON AEROGEL SUPPORTED PLATINUM
    • RAMOT METHOD
    • LOWER CATALYST LOADINGS
    • STACK DESIGN
  • COMBINATORIAL TECHNIQUES
  • INNOVATIVE MATERIALS AND NANOMATERIALS
    • ALLOYS OF PLATINUM
      • Anode Durability
    • NANOPARTICLES
      • Why Nano?
      • Nanofibers
      • Nanolevel Platinum/Carbon Electrocatalyst for Cathode
      • Nanowires
    • TRANSITION METAL NANOSIZED CATALYSTS
  • CATALYST INK COMPOSITIONS
    • APPLIED RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT ISRAEL FORMULATION
    • OTHER FORMULATIONS
      • Progress by SW Research and Gore
      • Progress at UTC Fuel Cells
      • Progress at Jet Propulsion Laboratory
      • Progress at Samsung Electronics
  • CARBON COMPOSITE ELECTROCATALYST POWDERS
    • SUPERIOR MICROPOWDERS
  • VALUE OF THE PEM CATALYST/INKS MEA MARKET
  • Table 33 VALUE OF CATALYST INKS FOR MEAS, THROUGH 2011 ($ MILLIONS)
    • IMPORTANT PGM PLAYERS
      • ACTA SpA
      • ANGLO PLATINUM
      • AQUARIUS PLATINUM PTY LTD.
      • BASF Corp.
        • BASF AG
      • ENGLEHARD CORP.
        • Englehard CLAL
      • INCO LIMITED
      • IMPALA PLATINUM HOLDING LTD. (IMPLATS)
        • Impala Platinum Holding Ltd....(Continued)
    • JOHNSON MATTHEY FUEL CELLS
      • Johnson Matthey Fuel Cells UK
    • LONMIN PLATINUM PLC
      • Lonmin South Africa
    • NORILSK NICKEL
      • Stillwater Mining
    • OM GROUP, INC.
    • QUANTUMSPHERE, INC.
    • TANAKA PRECIOUS METALS 
• LIST OF TABLES
  • Summary Table:
  • FORECAST OF DEFINED COMPONENTS FOR PEM FUEL CELLS IN NORTH AMERICA, THROUGH 2011 ($ MILLIONS)
  • Table 1 FOCUS OF THE NATIONAL HYDROGEN VISION
  • Table 2 PROPOSED TIMELINE FOR THE HYDROGEN ECONOMY
  • Table 3 MAJOR INSTITUTIONAL RESEARCH INTO PEM FUEL CELLS
  • Table 4 ADVANTAGES OF A HIGHER TEMPERATURE MEMBRANE FOR A PEM FUEL CELL
  • Table 5 PARAMETER VARIABLES FOR NEW ELECTROLYTE MEMBRANES
  • Table 6 PEM ELECTROLYTE ISSUES
  • Table 7 MEMBRANE FABRICATION TECHNIQUE
  • Table 8 APPROACHES TO FUEL CELL IONOMER SYNTHESIS
  • Table 9 VIRGINIA TECH BPS MEMBRANE PROPERTIES COMPARED WITH NAFION 117
  • Table 10 FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF NAFION PFSA MEMBRANES
  • Table 11 CONDUCTANCE COMPARISONS
  • Table 12 COMPANIES INVOLVED IN DIRECT METHANOL FUEL CELLS
  • Table 13 FORECAST OF PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANES FOR FUEL CELLS IN NORTH AMERICA BY TYPE, THROUGH 2010 ($ MILLIONS)
  • Table 14 COMPANIES PRODUCING ION SELECTIVE MEMBRANES FOR PEM FUEL CELLS
  • Table 15 PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE MATERIAL BY TYPE, 2006
  • Table 16 ESTIMATED MARKET SHARE PEM COMPANIES IN NORTH AMERICA, 2006
  • Table 17 FUEL CELL MEA PERFORMANCE GOALS
  • Table 18 ATTRIBUTES NEEDED FOR GAS DIFFUSION LAYER MATERIALS
  • Table 19 PROS AND CONS OF GDL MANUFACTURING TECHNIQUES
  • Table 20 TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF SIGRACET GAS DIFFUSION LAYER
  • Table 21 INDEX OF SPECIALTY CARBON/GDL SUPPLIERS
  • Table 22 VALUE OF GDL AND CARBONS FOR PEM FUEL CELLS THROUGH 2011 ($ MILLIONS)
  • Table 23 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR BIPOLAR PLATES
  • Table 24 MATERIAL TYPES FOR BIPOLAR PLATES
  • Table 25 SGL BIPOLAR PLATE TYPICAL PROPERTIES
  • Table 26 INDEX OF BIPOLAR PLATE SUPPLIERS
  • Table 27 VALUE OF BIPOLAR PLATES/COLLECTORS FOR MEAS THROUGH 2011 ($ MILLIONS)
  • Table 28 ESTIMATED MARKET SHARE OF MEA COMPANIES IN NORTH AMERICA, 2006
  • Table 29 VALUE OF MEMBRANE ELECTRODE ASSEMBLIES IN NORTH AMERICA, THROUGH 2011 ($ MILLIONS)
  • Table 30 WORLD PLATINUM SUPPLY, 2005 (THOUSAND OUNCES)
  • Table 31 WORLD PLATINUM DEMAND, 2005 (THOUSAND OUNCES)
  • Table 32 U.S. STATISTICS FOR PLATINUM
  • Table 33 VALUE OF CATALYST INKS FOR MEAS, THROUGH 2011 ($ MILLIONS)
• LIST OF FIGURES
  • Summary Figure:
  • FORECAST OF DEFINED COMPONENTS FOR PEM FUEL CELLS IN NORTH AMERICA, 2000-2011 ($ MILLIONS)
  • Figure 1 OIL USE BY LIGHT-DUTY VEHICLES
  • Figure 2 JPL TWELVE-CELL DMFC STACK
  • Figure 3 WATER TRANSPORT IN A PEM FUEL CELL
  • Figure 4 REPRESENTATIONS OF PEEK VARIATIONS
  • Figure 5 STRUCTURE OF BPSH-XX
  • Figure 6 SCHEMATIC DAIS ION-SELECTIVE MEMBRANE TRIBLOCK COPOLYMER
  • Figure 7 GENERALIZED STRUCTURE OF NAFION
  • Figure 8 STRUCTURAL UNIT OF PBI
  • Figure 9 PHOSPHORIC ACID DOPED PBI POLYMER COMPLEX
  • Figure 10 DOW MONOMER
  • Figure 11 SCHEMATIC DMFC CHEMISTRY
  • Figure 12 SCHEMATIC SIMPLE MEA
  • Figure 13 SCHEMATIC FOR CONCEPTUAL MEA CREATION
  • Figure 14 PREPARATION OF CARBON AEROGEL SUPPORTED PLATINUM