Opportunities for Coal-Based Products: Clean Coal and Coal Processing Technologies

Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION

• COAL-BASED PRODUCTSXX
• COAL PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES
• CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGY
  • STUDY BACKGROUND
  • STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
  • INTENDED AUDIENCE
  • SCOPE AND FORMAT
  • METHODOLOGY AND INFORMATION SOURCES
  • ANALYST CREDENTIALS
  • RELATED BCC RESEARCH REPORTS
    • REPORTS
    • MONTHLY NEWSLETTERS
  • BCC ON-LINE SERVICES

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

• SUMMARY TABLE U.S. SALES OF COAL-RELATED PRODUCTS, THROUGH 2011 ($ BILLIONS)
• SUMMARY FIGURE U.S. AND GLOBAL SALES OF COAL-RELATED PRODUCTS AND EQUIPMENT, 2003-2011 ($ BILLIONS)

OVERVIEW: HISTORY AND CURRENT STATE OF COAL-BASED PRODUCT AND TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRY

• GENERAL DESCRIPTION
• HISTORY OF COAL-BASED PRODUCTS
• THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF COAL AND COAL-BASED PRODUCTS
  • TABLE 1 CHEMISTRY OF COAL-BASED PRODUCTS
  • CHEMISTRY OF COAL
  • FIGURE 1 AN EXAMPLE CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF COAL
  • TABLE 2 COAL RANK CLASSIFICATIONS AND CHARACTERISTICS
  • TABLE 3 SULFUR CONTENT IN COAL FROM U.S. COAL RESERVES (MG/MJ)
  • FIGURE 2 SULFUR CONTENT IN COAL FROM U.S. COAL RESERVES (MG/MJ)
• CHEMISTRY OF COAL BASED PRODUCTS
• Coal Gasification Products
  • Coal Gas/Towngas
  • Water Gas
  • Synthesis Gas
  • Hydrogen
  • Carbon Dioxide
  • Fischer-Tropsch Liquids
• Coal Liquefaction Products
  • Fischer-Tropsch Liquids
• Coal Combustion Products
  • Fly Ash
    • TABLE 4 AVERAGE BULK COMPOSITION OF A CLASS F FLY ASH
    • TABLE 5 AVERAGE BULK COMPOSITION OF A CLASS C FLY ASH
    • TABLE 6 TYPICAL BULK COMPOSITION OF A FLUIDIZED BED COMBUSTION FLY ASH
  • Bottom Ash
    • TABLE 7 PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF BOTTOM ASH (PERCENT BY WEIGHT PASSING)
    • TABLE 8 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SELECTED BOTTOM ASH (PERCENT BY WEIGHT).
  • Boiler Slag
    • TABLE 9 PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF BOILER SLAG (PERCENT BY WEIGHT PASSING)
    • TABLE 10 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SELECTED BOILER SLAG SAMPLES (PERCENT BY WEIGHT)
  • Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) Material
    • TABLE 11 MAJOR COMPONENTS OF FGD SCRUBBER MATERIAL FROM DIFFERENT COAL TYPES AND SCRUBBING PROCESSES (PERCENT BY WEIGHT)
  • Coal Carbonization
    • FIGURE 3 COAL CARBONIZATION PRODUCTS (PERCENT) (%)
• THE TECHNOLOGY OF COAL MANUFACTURING
  • TABLE 12 TECHNOLOGY OF COAL MANUFACTURING
• COAL GASIFICATION
  • TABLE 13 COAL GASIFICATION REACTIONS
• COAL LIQUEFACTION PROCESS
• COAL COMBUSTION PROCESS
  • TABLE 14 COAL COMBUSTION REACTIONS
• COAL CARBONIZATION PROCESS
  • TABLE 15 THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON GAS COMPOSITION DURING CARBONZATION
• EQUIPMENT FOR COAL-PROCESSING AND THE PROCESSING OF COAL-RELATED PRODUCTS
• COAL GASIFICATION SYSTEMS
  • TABLE 16 COAL GASIFICATION PROCESSES
  • FIGURE 4 COAL GASIFICATION EQUIPMENT
• Fixed Bed (Moving Bed) Gasifier
  • Lurgi Process
  • Wellman-Galusha Process
  • Foster-Wheeler Stoic Process
  • Woodall-Duckham Process
• Fluidized Bed Gasifier
  • Winkler Process
  • Hydrane Process
  • Hygas Process
  • Synthane Process
  • U-Gas Process
  • Coalcon (Hydrocarbonization) Process
  • Pressurized Fluidized Bed Process
• Entrained - Bed Processes
• Molten Salt Processes
• Underground Gasification
• DIRECT LIQUEFACTION PROCESSES
  • TABLE 17 COAL LIQUEFACTION PROCESSES
• Pyrolysis Processes
  • Lurgi-Ruhrgas Process
  • COED (Char-Oil Energy Development) Process
  • Occidental Flash Pyrolysis Process
• Solvent Extraction Processes
  • Consol Synthetic Fuel (CSF) Processes
  • Solvent Refined Coal (SRC)
  • Exxon Donor Solvent (EDS) Process
• Catalytic Liquefaction Processes
  • H-Coal Process
  • Fischer-Tropsch Process
  • Methanol Synthesis
  • Methanol- to-Gasoline
• COAL COMBUSTION SYSTEMS
  • TABLE 18 COAL COMBUSTION PROCESSES
• Fixed or Slowly Moving Beds
  • Updraft Combustion
  • Downdraft Combustion
  • UnderFeed Firing
• Suspension Firing
• Comparing Suspension and Fuel-Bed Firing
• Pulverized-Coal Furnaces
• Pulverizers
• Fluidized Bed Combustion
• Entrained Systems
  • Cyclone Furnaces
• Common Pollutants Formed During Coal Combustion
  • Sulfur Emissions
  • Nitrogen Oxide Emissions
  • Particle Emissions
• COAL CARBONIZATION SYSTEMS
  • TABLE 19 COAL CARBONIZATION PROCESSES
  • High Temperature Carbonization
  • Low Temperature Carbonization
• END USES OF COAL-BASED PRODUCTS
  • TABLE 20 KEY COAL-BASED PRODUCTS, BY PROCESS TYPE
  • FIGURE 5 EASTMAN CHEMICAL GASIFICATION/LIQUEFACTION PROCESS
• COAL GASIFICATION PRODUCTS
  • Synthesis Gas
  • Hydrogen
    • FIGURE 6 MAIN USES FOR HYDROGEN BY APPLICATION 2003 (PERCENT OF ALL MAIN USES) (%)
    • TABLE 21 MAJOR CHEMICALS FROM AMMONIA, U.S. 2000-2001
    • FIGURE 7 MAIN USES FOR AMMONIA BY APPLICATION 2005 (PERCENT OF ALL MAIN USES) (%)
  • Urea and Melamine Resins
    • FIGURE 8 MAIN USES FOR UREA BY APPLICATION 2005 (PERCENT OF ALL MAIN USES) (%)
  • Methanol
    • FIGURE 9 MAIN USES FOR METHANOL BY APPLICATION 2005 (PERCENT OF ALL MAIN USES) (%)
  • Carbon Dioxide
  • Formaldehyde
    • FIGURE 10 MAIN USES FOR FORMALDEHYDE BY APPLICATION 2004 (PERCENT OF ALL MAIN USES) (%)
  • Acetic Acid
    • FIGURE 11 MAIN USES FOR ACETIC ACID BY APPLICATION 2006 (PERCENT OF ALL MAIN USES) (%)
  • Acetic Anhydride
    • FIGURE 12 MAIN USES FOR ACETIC ANHYDRIDE BY APPLICATION 2004 (PERCENT OF ALL MAIN USES) (%)
  • Cresylics
    • FIGURE 13 MAIN USES FOR CRESYLICS BY APPLICATION 2004 (PERCENT OF ALL MAIN USES) (%)
  • Carbon Monoxide
• COAL LIQUEFACTION PRODUCTS
  • TABLE 22 COAL LIQUEFACTION PRODUCTS
  • TABLE 23 FISCHER-TROPSCH PRDUCTS OBTAINED AT SASOL
• COAL COMBUSTION PRODUCTS
  • TABLE 24 TYPES OF COAL COMBUSTION PRODUCTS AND THEIR CHARACTERISITCS
  • TABLE 25 USES OF COAL COMBUSTION PRODUCTS
  • FIGURE 14 AMOUNT OF COAL COMBUSTION PRODUCTS (CCPS) USED BY TYPE 2004 (PERCENT OF ALL TYPES) (%)
  • Fly Ash
    • FIGURE 15 MAIN USES FOR FLY ASH BY APPLICATION 2004 (PERCENT OF ALL MAIN USES) (%)
  • Bottom Ash
    • FIGURE 16 MAIN USES FOR BOTTOM ASH BY APPLICATION 2004 (PERCENT OF ALL MAIN USES) (%)
  • Boiler Slag
    • FIGURE 17 MAIN USES FOR BOILER SLAG BY APPLICATION 2004 (PERCENT OF ALL MAIN USES) (%)
    • Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) Material
    • FIGURE 18 MAIN USES FOR FGD GYPSUM BY APPLICATION 2004 (PERCENT OF ALL MAIN USES) (%)
    • FIGURE 19 MAIN USES FOR FGD MATERIAL WET SCRUBBERS BY APPLICATION 2004 (PERCENT OF ALL MAIN USES) (%)
    • FIGURE 20 MAIN USES FOR FGD MATERIAL DRY SCRUBBERS BY APPLICATION 2004 (PERCENT OF ALL MAIN USES) (%)
    • FIGURE 21 MAIN USES FOR FGD ASH BY APPLICATION 2004 (PERCENT OF ALL MAIN USES) (%)
    • TABLE 26 COAL TAR CHEMICALS
    • FIGURE 22 CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF COAL TAR DISTILLATION PRODUCTS
    • TABLE 27 ANALYSIS OF TYPICAL COKE OVEN CRUDE LIGHT OIL
  • Benzene
    • FIGURE 23 MAIN USES FOR BENZENE BY APPLICATION 2005 (PERCENT OF ALL MAIN USES) (%)
  • Toluene
    • FIGURE 24 MAIN USES FOR TOLUENE BY APPLICATION 2006 (PERCENT OF ALL MAIN USES) (%)
  • Xylenes
    • FIGURE 25 MAIN USES FOR XYLENES BY APPLICATION 2004 (PERCENT OF ALL MAIN USES) (%)
  • Phenol
    • FIGURE 26 MAIN USES FOR PHENOL BY APPLICATION 2005 (PERCENT OF ALL MAIN USES) (%)
  • Naphthalene
  • Phthalic Anhydride
    • FIGURE 27 MAIN USES FOR PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE BY APPLICATION 2006 (PERCENT OF ALL MAIN USES) (%)
  • Carbon Black
    • FIGURE 28 MAIN USES FOR CARBON BLACK BY APPLICATION 2005 (PERCENT OF ALL MAIN USES) (%)
• POTENTIAL NEW COAL-BASED TECHNOLOGIES
  • INTRODUCTION
    • FIGURE 29 REPRESENTRATION OF SOURCE EMMISIONS FROM FOSSIL FUELS
    • TABLE 28 CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF POLLUTANTS
    • TABLE 29 NUMBER OF EXISITING AND EXPECTED COAL PLANTS BY COUNTRY
• CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGY AND OTHER DOE PROGRAMS
  • TABLE 30 CLEAN COAL PROCESSES
  • Coal-Based Liquid/Solid Fuels and Feedstocks
    • FIGURE 30 PERCENT OF US CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGY PROGRAMS BY REGION, (2006) (PERCENT OF ALL COMPANIES IN SAMPLE) (%)
  • Programs by Type
    • FIGURE 31 CLEAN COAL PROGRAMS BY TECHNOLOGY, (2006) (PERCENT OF ALL COMPANIES IN SAMPLE) (%)
    • TABLE 31 CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGY PROGRAMS BY END PRODUCT, 2001-2006
    • TABLE 32 ASSIGNEES OF THREE OR MORE CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGY FUNDING PROGRAMS, 2001-2006
• COMMERCIAL SUCCESSES OF CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGY PROGRAMS
  • TABLE 33 CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGY PROGRAMS COMMERCIAL SUCCESSES
  • TABLE 34 TECHNOLOGICAL BENEFITS FROM THE CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
  • TABLE 35 ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS OBTAINED FROM CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
  • FIGURE 32 NOX AND SO2 EMISSION TRENDS(MILLION SHORT TONS)
• DESCRIPTION OF CLEAN COAL AND OTHER DOE PROGRAMS
  • Environmental Control Technologies
  • DOE' s Innovations for Existing Plants - Helping Achieve Clear Skies
  • Gasification Technologies
    • Environmental Benefits
    • Efficiency Benefits
  • Carbon Capture and Storage or Carbon Sequestration (CCS)
  • Advanced Combustion Technologies
    • New Focus on Hybrid Technology
  • Coal Utilization Science
  • Bioprocessing of Coal
• INTERNATIONAL COAL-BASED PRODUCT MARKETS
  • TABLE 36 INTERNATIONAL MANUFACTURERS OF COAL-RELATED PRODUCTS
  • MARKET SHARE (DOLLAR SALES), 2006
    • TABLE 37 INTERNATIONAL COAL-BASED PRODUCT MANUFACTURERS BY SIZE, 2006
    • FIGURE 33 PERCENT OF INTERNATIONAL COAL-BASED PRODUCT PROCESSING PLANTS BY REGION (2006) (PERCENT OF ALL COMPANIES IN SAMPLE) (%)
    • FIGURE 34 KEY INTERNATIONAL COAL-PROCESSING COMPANIES, BY PROCESS TYPE, (2006) (PERCENT OF ALL COMPANIES IN SAMPLE) (%)
    • FIGURE 35 INTERNATIONAL COAL-PROCESSING COMPANIES BY COAL-BASED PRODUCT, (2006) (PERCENT OF ALL COMPANIES IN SAMPLE) (%)
• MAJOR COMPANIES AND MARKET SHARE IN THE UNITED STATES
  • TABLE 38 MANUFACTURERS OF COAL-RELATED PRODUCTS IN THE UNITED STATES
  • MARKET SHARE (DOLLAR SALES), 2006
    • TABLE 39 U.S. COAL-BASED PRODUCT MANUFACTURERS BY SIZE AND SALES CATEGORY, 2006
    • FIGURE 36 PERCENT OF US COAL PROCESSING PLANTS BY REGION 2006 (PERCENT OF ALL MAIN USES) (%)
      • BY APPLICATION SEGMENTS
    • FIGURE 37 U.S. COAL-BASED PRODUCT COMPANIES BY PROCESS 2006 (PERCENT OF ALL MAIN USES) (%)
    • TABLE 40 US COAL-PROCESSING COMPANIES BY COAL-BASED PRODUCT, 2006
    • TABLE 41 US COAL TRADE BY TYPE (MILLION SHORT TONS) (2003 - 2011)
    • TABLE 42 END YEAR COAL STOCKS BY SECTOR (2003 - 2011)
    • TABLE 43 AVERAGE COAL-BASED PRODUCT STOCKS (2003 - 2011)
      • PROJECTED PRODUCTION OF COAL-BASED PRODUCTS
    • TABLE 44 ESTIMATED COAL PRODUCTION BY COAL TYPE (MILLION SHORT TONS) (2003 - 2011)
    • TABLE 45 ESTIMATED COAL-BASED CHEMICAL AND PRODUCTS PRODUCTION FROM COAL (2003 - 2011)(%)
    • TABLE 46 ESTIMATED COAL-BASED CHEMICAL AND PRODUCTS VALUE OF SHIPMENTS (THOUSANDS) (2003 - 2011) (%)
• SYNTHESIS GAS PRODUCTS (COAL GASIFICATION AND LIQUEFACTION)
  • Hydrogen
    • TABLE 47 ESTIMATED HYDROGEN PRODUCTION (MIILLION CUBIC FEET)(2003 - 2011)
  • Carbon Dioxide
    • TABLE 48 ESTIMATED CARBON DIOXIDE PRODUCTION (MIILLION CUBIC FEET)(2003 - 2011)
  • Methanol
    • TABLE 49 ESTIMATED METHANOL PRODUCTION (MILLIONS OF GALLONS PER YEAR)(2003 - 2011)
  • Ammonia
    • TABLE 50 ESTIMATED AMMONIA PRODUCTION (MILLION CUBIC FEET)(2003 - 2011)
  • Urea
    • TABLE 51 ESTIMATED UREA PRODUCTION (MILLION CUBIC FEET)(2003 - 2011)
  • Acetic Acid and Acetic Anhydride
    • TABLE 52 ESTIMATED ACETIC ACID PRODUCTION (MILLIONS OF POUNDS PER YEAR)(2003 - 2011)
    • TABLE 53 ESTIMATED ACETIC ANHYDRIDE PRODUCTION (MILLIONS OF POUNDS PER YEAR)(2003 - 2011)
  • Cresylics
    • TABLE 54 ESTIMATED CRESYLICS PRODUCTION (MILLIONS OF POUNDS PER YEAR)(2003 - 2011)
  • Phenol
    • TABLE 55 ESTIMATED PHENOL PRODUCTION (MILLIONS OF POUNDS PER YEAR)(2003 - 2011)
• COAL COMBUSTION PRODUCTS
  • TABLE 56 ESTIMATED CCP PRODUCTION (MILLION SHORT TONS)(2003 - 2011)
  • FIGURE 38 AMOUNT OF COAL COMBUSTION PRODUCTS (CCPS) PRODUCED BY TYPE 2004 (PERCENT OF ALL TYPES) (%)
• CARBONIZATION PRODUCTS
  • Coke
    • TABLE 57 U.S. COKE PRODUCTION, 2000-2006 (THOUSAND SHORT TONS)
  • Benzene
    • TABLE 58 ESTIMATED BENEZENE PRODUCTION (MILLIONS OF GALLONS PER YEAR)(2003 - 2011)
  • Toluene
  • TABLE 59 ESTIMATED TOLUENE PRODUCTION (MILLIONS OF GALLONS PER YEAR)(2003 - 2011)
• Xylenes
  • TABLE 60 ESTIMATED MIXED XYLENE PRODUCTION (MILLIONS OF POUNDS PER YEAR)(2003 - 2011)
• Carbon Black
  • TABLE 61 ESTIMATED CARBON BLACK PRODUCTION (MILLIONS OF POUNDS PER YEAR)(2003 - 2011)
• Phthalic Anhydride
  • TABLE 62 ESTIMATED PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE PRODUCTION (MILLIONS OF POUNDS PER YEAR)(2003 - 2011)
• Carbon Pitch
  • TABLE 63 ESTIMATED CARBON PITCH PRODUCTION (MILLION METRIC TONS)(2003 - 2011)
• PROJECTED CONSUMPTION OF COAL-BASED PRODUCTS
  • TABLE 64 ESTIMATED COAL CONSUMPTION BY SECTOR (MILLION SHORT TONS) (2003 - 2011)
  • TABLE 65 ESTIMATED COAL CONSUMPTION BY US CENSUS AREA (MILLION SHORT TONS) (2003 - 2011)
  • TABLE 66 ESTIMATED COAL-BASED CHEMICAL AND PRODUCTS CONSUMPTION (2003 - 2011)(%)
• SYNTHESIS GAS PRODUCTS (COAL GASIFICATION AND LIQUEFACTION)
  • Hydrogen
    • TABLE 67 ESTIMATED HYDROGEN CONSUMPTION (MILLION CUBIC FEET)(2003 - 2011)
  • Carbon Dioxide
    • TABLE 68 ESTIMATED CARBON DIOXIDE CONSUMPTION (MILLION METRIC TONS)(2003 - 2011)
  • Methanol
    • TABLE 69 ESTIMATED METHANOL CONSUMPTION (MILLIONS OF GALLONS PER YEAR)(2003 - 2011)
  • Ammonia, synthetic anhydrous
    • TABLE 70 ESTIMATED AMMONIA CONSUMPTION (MILLION CUBIC FEET)(2003 - 2011)
  • Urea
    • TABLE 71 ESTIMATED UREA CONSUMPTION (MILLION CUBIC FEET)(2003 - 2011)
  • Acetic Acid and Acetic Anhydride
    • TABLE 72 ESTIMATED ACETIC ACID CONSUMPTION (MILLION LBS PER YEAR)(2003 - 2011)
    • TABLE 73 ESTIMATED ACETIC ANHYDRIDE CONSUMPTION (MILLION LBS PER YEAR)(2003 - 2011)
  • Cresylics
    • TABLE 74 ESTIMATED CRESYLICS CONSUMPTION (MILLIONS OF POUNDS PER YEAR)(2003 - 2011)
  • Phenol
    • TABLE 75 ESTIMATED PHENOL CONSUMPTION (MILLIONS OF POUNDS PER YEAR)(2003 - 2011)
• COAL COMBUSTION PRODUCTS
  • TABLE 76 ESTIMATED CCP CONSUMPTION (MILLION SHORT TONS)(2003 - 2011)
  • FIGURE 39 APPLICATION USE TO PRODUCTION RATE FOR COAL COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, 2004 (%)
• COAL CARBONIZATION PRODUCTS
  • Coke
    • TABLE 77 U.S. COKE CONSUMPTION, 2000-2006 (THOUSAND SHORT TONS)
    • Source: Energy Information Administration 87
  • Benzene
    • TABLE 78 ESTIMATED BENZENE CONSUMPTION (MILLIONS OF GALLONS PER YEAR)(2003 - 2011)
  • Toluene
    • TABLE 79 ESTIMATED TOLUENE CONSUMPTION (MILLIONS OF GALLONS PER YEAR)(2003 - 2011)
  • Xylenes
    • TABLE 80 ESTIMATED MIXED XYLENES CONSUMPTION (MILLIONS OF LBS PER YEAR)(2003 - 2011)
  • Carbon Black
    • TABLE 81 ESTIMATED CARBON BLACK CONSUMPTION (MILLIONS OF POUNDS PER YEAR)(2003 - 2011)
  • Phthalic Anhydride
    • TABLE 82 ESTIMATED PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE CONSUMPTION (MILLIONS OF LBS PER YEAR)(2003 - 2011)
• CHARACTERISITICS OF MAJOR INDUSTRIES
  • TABLE 83 MATERIALS CONSUMED BY INDUSTRY TYPE FOR COAL-BASED PRODUCTS TYPE($)
  • TABLE 84 TOTAL VALUE OF SHIPMENTS BY INDUSTRY(BILLIONS)
• COAL GASIFICATION AND LIQUEFACTION PRODUCTS
  • Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing (325193), (325199)
  • Nitrogenous Fertilizer Manufacturing (325311)
  • Industrial Gas Manufacturing (325120)
• COAL COMBUSTION PRODUCTS
  • Asphalt Paving Mixture and Block Manufacturing (324121)
  • Asphalt Shingle and Coating Materials Manufacturing (324122)
  • All Other Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing (324199)
• COAL CARBONIZATION PRODUCTS
  • Inorganic Dye and Pigment Manufacturing (325131)
• TRENDS IN PRICE/PERFORMANCE
• COAL PRICES
  • TABLE 85 AVERAGE DELIVERED PRICE OF COAL BY SECTOR (2003 - 2011)
• COAL - BASED CHEMICAL AND PRODUCT SALES AND PERFORMANCE
  • TABLE 86 SALES OF COAL-BASED PRODUCTS, BY PRODUCT (2003 - 2011)
• COAL GASIFICATION/LIQUEFACTION PRODUCTS
  • TABLE 87 AVERAGE PRICES OF COAL GASIFICATION/LIQUEFACTION PRODUCTS (2003 - 2011)
    • Prices by Industry for Coal Gasification/Liquefaction Products
  • TABLE 88 PRICE PER UNIT, BY INDUSTRY TYPE FOR COALGASIFICATION/LIQUEFACTION BASED PRODUCTS(2003 - 2011) ($)
• COAL COMBUSTION PRODUCTS
  • FIGURE 40 PRICES PER TON FOR COAL COMBUSTION PRODUCTS (CCPS), 2004 (%)
  • TABLE 89 AVERAGE PRICES OF COAL-BASED PRODUCTS, BY PRODUCT (2003 - 2011)
    • Coal Combustion Product Prices by Industry
  • TABLE 90 PRICE PER UNIT, BY INDUSTRY TYPE FOR COAL COMBUSTION PRODUCTS (2003 - 2011)
• COAL CARBONIZATION PRODUCTS
  • TABLE 91 AVERAGE PRICES OF COAL CARBONIZATION PRODUCTS, (2003 - 2011)
  • TABLE 92 AVERAGE DELIVERED PRICE OF COAL FOR COKE PLANTS (2003 - 2011)
• Coal Carbonization Product Prices by Industry
  • TABLE 93 PRICE PER UNIT, BY INDUSTRY TYPE FOR COAL CARBONIZATION PRODUCTS (2003 - 2011)
• GROWTH OPPORTUNITIES FOR COAL-BASED PRODUCTS
• OTHER FACTORS INFLUENCING DEMAND
• GOVERNMENT REGULATION
  • TABLE 94 GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS FOR COAL PROCESSING
• US PATENT ANALYSIS
  • FIGURE 41 COAL-BASED PRODUCT PATENTS BY REGION FOR UNITED STATES PATENT ANALYSIS, (2006)
  • FIGURE 42 COAL-BASED PRODUCT PATENTS BY REGION FOR UNITED STATES PATENT ANALYSIS, (2006)
• PATENTS BY TYPE
  • FIGURE 43 COAL-BASED PRODUCT PATENTS BY PATENT TYPE FOR UNITED STATES PATENT ANALYSIS, (2006)
  • TABLE 95 COAL-BASED PRODUCT PATENTS BY END PRODUCT, 2001 - 2006
  • TABLE 96 ASSIGNEES OF THREE OR MORE U.S. PATENTS RELATED TO COAL-BASED PRODUCTS, 2001-2006
• GENERAL TECHNOLOGY ISSUES
  • Coal Gasification Issues
  • Coal Liquefaction Issues
  • Coal Combustion Issues
  • Environmental Issues
• TECHNOLOGY ISSUES BY TECHNOLOGY TYPE
  • Coal Gasification
  • Coal Liquefaction
  • Coal Combustion

CONCLUSION

SUMMARY TABLE U.S. SALES OF COAL-RELATED PRODUCTS, THROUGH 2011 ($ BILLIONS)

• TABLE 1 CHEMISTRY OF COAL-BASED PRODUCTS
• TABLE 2 COAL RANK CLASSIFICATIONS AND CHARACTERISTICS
• TABLE 3 SULFUR CONTENT IN COAL FROM U.S. COAL RESERVES (MG/MJ)
• TABLE 4 AVERAGE BULK COMPOSITION OF A CLASS F FLY ASH
• TABLE 5 AVERAGE BULK COMPOSITION OF A CLASS C FLY ASH
• TABLE 6 TYPICAL BULK COMPOSITION OF A FLUIDIZED BED COMBUSTION FLY ASH
• TABLE 7 PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF BOTTOM ASH (PERCENT BY WEIGHT PASSING)
• TABLE 8 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SELECTED BOTTOM ASH (PERCENT BY WEIGHT).
• TABLE 9 PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF BOILER SLAG (PERCENT BY WEIGHT PASSING)
• TABLE 10 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SELECTED BOILER SLAG SAMPLES (PERCENT BY WEIGHT)
• TABLE 11 MAJOR COMPONENTS OF FGD SCRUBBER MATERIAL FROM DIFFERENT COAL TYPES AND SCRUBBING PROCESSES (PERCENT BY WEIGHT)
• TABLE 12 TECHNOLOGY OF COAL MANUFACTURING
• TABLE 13 COAL GASIFICATION REACTIONS
• TABLE 14 COAL COMBUSTION REACTIONS
• TABLE 15 THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON GAS COMPOSITION DURING CARBONZATION
• TABLE 16 COAL GASIFICATION PROCESSES
• TABLE 17 COAL LIQUEFACTION PROCESSES
• TABLE 18 COAL COMBUSTION PROCESSES
• TABLE 19 COAL CARBONIZATION PROCESSES
• TABLE 20 KEY COAL-BASED PRODUCTS, BY PROCESS TYPE
• TABLE 21 MAJOR CHEMICALS FROM AMMONIA, U.S. 2000-2001
• TABLE 22 COAL LIQUEFACTION PRODUCTS
• TABLE 23 FISCHER-TROPSCH PRDUCTS OBTAINED AT SASOL
• TABLE 24 TYPES OF COAL COMBUSTION PRODUCTS AND THEIR CHARACTERISITCS
• TABLE 25 USES OF COAL COMBUSTION PRODUCTS
• TABLE 26 COAL TAR CHEMICALS
• TABLE 27 ANALYSIS OF TYPICAL COKE OVEN CRUDE LIGHT OIL
• TABLE 28 CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF POLLUTANTS
• TABLE 29 NUMBER OF EXISITING AND EXPECTED COAL PLANTS BY COUNTRY
• TABLE 30 CLEAN COAL PROCESSES
• TABLE 31 CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGY PROGRAMS BY END PRODUCT, 2001-2006
• TABLE 32 ASSIGNEES OF THREE OR MORE CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGY FUNDING PROGRAMS, 2001-2006
• TABLE 33 CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGY PROGRAMS COMMERCIAL SUCCESSES
• TABLE 34 TECHNOLOGICAL BENEFITS FROM THE CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
• TABLE 35 ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS OBTAINED FROM CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
• TABLE 36 INTERNATIONAL MANUFACTURERS OF COAL-RELATED PRODUCTS
• MARKET SHARE (DOLLAR SALES), 2006
• TABLE 37 INTERNATIONAL COAL-BASED PRODUCT MANUFACTURERS BY SIZE, 2006
• TABLE 38 MANUFACTURERS OF COAL-RELATED PRODUCTS IN THE UNITED STATES
• MARKET SHARE (DOLLAR SALES), 2006
• TABLE 39 U.S. COAL-BASED PRODUCT MANUFACTURERS BY SIZE AND SALES CATEGORY, 2006
• TABLE 40 US COAL-PROCESSING COMPANIES BY COAL-BASED PRODUCT, 2006
• TABLE 41 US COAL TRADE BY TYPE (MILLION SHORT TONS) (2003 - 2011)
• TABLE 42 END YEAR COAL STOCKS BY SECTOR (2003 - 2011)
• TABLE 43 AVERAGE COAL-BASED PRODUCT STOCKS (2003 - 2011)
• TABLE 44 ESTIMATED COAL PRODUCTION BY COAL TYPE (MILLION SHORT TONS) (2003 - 2011)
• TABLE 45 ESTIMATED COAL-BASED CHEMICAL AND PRODUCTS PRODUCTION FROM COAL (2003 - 2011)(%)
• TABLE 46 ESTIMATED COAL-BASED CHEMICAL AND PRODUCTS VALUE OF SHIPMENTS (THOUSANDS) (2003 - 2011)(%)
• TABLE 47 ESTIMATED HYDROGEN PRODUCTION (MIILLION CUBIC FEET)(2003 - 2011)
• TABLE 48 ESTIMATED CARBON DIOXIDE PRODUCTION (MIILLION CUBIC FEET)(2003 - 2011)
• TABLE 49 ESTIMATED METHANOL PRODUCTION (MILLIONS OF GALLONS PER YEAR)(2003 - 2011)
• TABLE 50 ESTIMATED AMMONIA PRODUCTION (MILLION CUBIC FEET)(2003 - 2011)
• TABLE 51 ESTIMATED UREA PRODUCTION (MILLION CUBIC FEET)(2003 - 2011)
• TABLE 52 ESTIMATED ACETIC ACID PRODUCTION (MILLIONS OF POUNDS PER YEAR)(2003 - 2011)
• TABLE 53 ESTIMATED ACETIC ANHYDRIDE PRODUCTION (MILLIONS OF POUNDS PER YEAR)(2003 - 2011)
• TABLE 54 ESTIMATED CRESYLICS PRODUCTION (MILLIONS OF POUNDS PER YEAR)(2003 - 2011)
• TABLE 55 ESTIMATED PHENOL PRODUCTION (MILLIONS OF POUNDS PER YEAR)(2003 - 2011)
• TABLE 56 ESTIMATED CCP PRODUCTION (MILLION SHORT TONS)(2003 - 2011)
• TABLE 57 U.S. COKE PRODUCTION, 2000-2006 (THOUSAND SHORT TONS)
• TABLE 58 ESTIMATED BENEZENE PRODUCTION (MILLIONS OF GALLONS PER YEAR)(2003 - 2011)
• TABLE 59 ESTIMATED TOLUENE PRODUCTION (MILLIONS OF GALLONS PER YEAR)(2003 - 2011)
• TABLE 60 ESTIMATED MIXED XYLENE PRODUCTION (MILLIONS OF POUNDS PER YEAR)(2003 - 2011)
• TABLE 61 ESTIMATED CARBON BLACK PRODUCTION (MILLIONS OF POUNDS PER YEAR)(2003 - 2011)
• TABLE 62 ESTIMATED PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE PRODUCTION (MILLIONS OF POUNDS PER YEAR)(2003 - 2011)
• TABLE 63 ESTIMATED CARBON PITCH PRODUCTION (MILLION METRIC TONS)(2003 - 2011)
• TABLE 64 ESTIMATED COAL CONSUMPTION BY SECTOR (MILLION SHORT TONS) (2003 - 2011)
• TABLE 65 ESTIMATED COAL CONSUMPTION BY US CENSUS AREA (MILLION SHORT TONS) (2003 - 2011)
• TABLE 66 ESTIMATED COAL-BASED CHEMICAL AND PRODUCTS CONSUMPTION (2003 - 2011)(%)
• TABLE 67 ESTIMATED HYDROGEN CONSUMPTION (MILLION CUBIC FEET)(2003 - 2011)
• TABLE 68 ESTIMATED CARBON DIOXIDE CONSUMPTION (MILLION METRIC TONS)(2003 - 2011)
• TABLE 69 ESTIMATED METHANOL CONSUMPTION (MILLIONS OF GALLONS PER YEAR)(2003 - 2011)
• TABLE 70 ESTIMATED AMMONIA CONSUMPTION (MILLION CUBIC FEET)(2003 - 2011)
• TABLE 71 ESTIMATED UREA CONSUMPTION (MILLION CUBIC FEET)(2003 - 2011)
• TABLE 72 ESTIMATED ACETIC ACID CONSUMPTION (MILLION LBS PER YEAR)(2003 - 2011)
• TABLE 73 ESTIMATED ACETIC ANHYDRIDE CONSUMPTION (MILLION LBS PER YEAR)(2003 - 2011)
• TABLE 74 ESTIMATED CRESYLICS CONSUMPTION (MILLIONS OF POUNDS PER YEAR)(2003 - 2011)
• TABLE 75 ESTIMATED PHENOL CONSUMPTION (MILLIONS OF POUNDS PER YEAR)(2003 - 2011)
• TABLE 76 ESTIMATED CCP CONSUMPTION (MILLION SHORT TONS)(2003 - 2011)
• TABLE 77 U.S. COKE CONSUMPTION, 2000-2006 (THOUSAND SHORT TONS)
  • Source: Energy Information Administration 87
• TABLE 78 ESTIMATED BENZENE CONSUMPTION (MILLIONS OF GALLONS PER YEAR)(2003 - 2011)
• TABLE 79 ESTIMATED TOLUENE CONSUMPTION (MILLIONS OF GALLONS PER YEAR)(2003 - 2011)
• TABLE 80 ESTIMATED MIXED XYLENES CONSUMPTION (MILLIONS OF LBS PER YEAR)(2003 - 2011)
• TABLE 81 ESTIMATED CARBON BLACK CONSUMPTION (MILLIONS OF POUNDS PER YEAR)(2003 - 2011)
• TABLE 82 ESTIMATED PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE CONSUMPTION (MILLIONS OF LBS PER YEAR)(2003 - 2011)
• TABLE 83 MATERIALS CONSUMED BY INDUSTRY TYPE FOR COAL-BASED PRODUCTS TYPE($)
• TABLE 84 TOTAL VALUE OF SHIPMENTS BY INDUSTRY(BILLIONS)
• TABLE 85 AVERAGE DELIVERED PRICE OF COAL BY SECTOR (2003 - 2011)
• TABLE 86 SALES OF COAL-BASED PRODUCTS, BY PRODUCT (2003 - 2011)
• TABLE 87 AVERAGE PRICES OF COAL GASIFICATION/LIQUEFACTION PRODUCTS (2003 - 2011)
• TABLE 88 PRICE PER UNIT, BY INDUSTRY TYPE FOR COALGASIFICATION/LIQUEFACTION BASED PRODUCTS(2003 - 2011) ($)
• TABLE 89 AVERAGE PRICES OF COAL-BASED PRODUCTS, BY PRODUCT (2003 - 2011)
• TABLE 90 PRICE PER UNIT, BY INDUSTRY TYPE FOR COAL COMBUSTION PRODUCTS (2003 - 2011)
• TABLE 91 AVERAGE PRICES OF COAL CARBONIZATION PRODUCTS, (2003 - 2011)
• TABLE 92 AVERAGE DELIVERED PRICE OF COAL FOR COKE PLANTS (2003 - 2011)
• TABLE 93 PRICE PER UNIT, BY INDUSTRY TYPE FOR COAL CARBONIZATION PRODUCTS (2003 - 2011)
• TABLE 94 GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS FOR COAL PROCESSING
• TABLE 95 COAL-BASED PRODUCT PATENTS BY END PRODUCT, 2001 - 2006
• TABLE 96 ASSIGNEES OF THREE OR MORE U.S. PATENTS RELATED TO COAL-BASED PRODUCTS, 2001-2006

SUMMARY FIGURE U.S. AND GLOBAL SALES OF COAL-RELATED PRODUCTS AND EQUIPMENT, 2003-2011 ($ BILLIONS)

• FIGURE 1 AN EXAMPLE CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF COAL
• FIGURE 2 SULFUR CONTENT IN COAL FROM U.S. COAL RESERVES (MG/MJ)
• FIGURE 3 COAL CARBONIZATION PRODUCTS (PERCENT) (%)
• FIGURE 4 COAL GASIFICATION EQUIPMENT
• FIGURE 5 EASTMAN CHEMICAL GASIFICATION/LIQUEFACTION PROCESS
• FIGURE 6 MAIN USES FOR HYDROGEN BY APPLICATION 2003 (PERCENT OF ALL MAIN USES) (%)
• FIGURE 7 MAIN USES FOR AMMONIA BY APPLICATION 2005 (PERCENT OF ALL MAIN USES) (%)
• FIGURE 8 MAIN USES FOR UREA BY APPLICATION 2005 (PERCENT OF ALL MAIN USES) (%)
• FIGURE 9 MAIN USES FOR METHANOL BY APPLICATION 2005 (PERCENT OF ALL MAIN USES) (%)
• FIGURE 10 MAIN USES FOR FORMALDEHYDE BY APPLICATION 2004 (PERCENT OF ALL MAIN USES) (%)
• FIGURE 11 MAIN USES FOR ACETIC ACID BY APPLICATION 2006 (PERCENT OF ALL MAIN USES) (%)
• FIGURE 12 MAIN USES FOR ACETIC ANHYDRIDE BY APPLICATION 2004 (PERCENT OF ALL MAIN USES) (%)
• FIGURE 13 MAIN USES FOR CRESYLICS BY APPLICATION 2004 (PERCENT OF ALL MAIN USES) (%)
• FIGURE 14 AMOUNT OF COAL COMBUSTION PRODUCTS (CCPS) USED BY TYPE 2004 (PERCENT OF ALL TYPES) (%)
• FIGURE 15 MAIN USES FOR FLY ASH BY APPLICATION 2004 (PERCENT OF ALL MAIN USES) (%)
• FIGURE 16 MAIN USES FOR BOTTOM ASH BY APPLICATION 2004 (PERCENT OF ALL MAIN USES) (%)
• FIGURE 17 MAIN USES FOR BOILER SLAG BY APPLICATION 2004 (PERCENT OF ALL MAIN USES) (%)
• FIGURE 18 MAIN USES FOR FGD GYPSUM BY APPLICATION 2004 (PERCENT OF ALL MAIN USES) (%)
• FIGURE 19 MAIN USES FOR FGD MATERIAL WET SCRUBBERS BY APPLICATION 2004 (PERCENT OF ALL MAIN USES) (%)
• FIGURE 20 MAIN USES FOR FGD MATERIAL DRY SCRUBBERS BY APPLICATION 2004 (PERCENT OF ALL MAIN USES) (%)
• FIGURE 21 MAIN USES FOR FGD ASH BY APPLICATION 2004 (PERCENT OF ALL MAIN USES) (%)
• FIGURE 22 CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF COAL TAR DISTILLATION PRODUCTS
• FIGURE 23 MAIN USES FOR BENZENE BY APPLICATION 2005 (PERCENT OF ALL MAIN USES) (%)
• FIGURE 24 MAIN USES FOR TOLUENE BY APPLICATION 2006 (PERCENT OF ALL MAIN USES) (%)
• FIGURE 25 MAIN USES FOR XYLENES BY APPLICATION 2004 (PERCENT OF ALL MAIN USES) (%)
• FIGURE 26 MAIN USES FOR PHENOL BY APPLICATION 2005 (PERCENT OF ALL MAIN USES) (%)
• FIGURE 27 MAIN USES FOR PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE BY APPLICATION 2006 (PERCENT OF ALL MAIN USES) (%)
• FIGURE 28 MAIN USES FOR CARBON BLACK BY APPLICATION 2005 (PERCENT OF ALL MAIN USES) (%)
• FIGURE 29 REPRESENTRATION OF SOURCE EMMISIONS FROM FOSSIL FUELS
• FIGURE 30 PERCENT OF US CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGY PROGRAMS BY REGION, (2006) (PERCENT OF ALL COMPANIES IN SAMPLE) (%)
• FIGURE 31 CLEAN COAL PROGRAMS BY TECHNOLOGY, (2006) (PERCENT OF ALL COMPANIES IN SAMPLE) (%)
• FIGURE 32 NOX AND SO2 EMISSION TRENDS(MILLION SHORT TONS)
• FIGURE 33 PERCENT OF INTERNATIONAL COAL-BASED PRODUCT PROCESSING PLANTS BY REGION (2006) (PERCENT OF ALL COMPANIES IN SAMPLE) (%)
• FIGURE 34 KEY INTERNATIONAL COAL-PROCESSING COMPANIES, BY PROCESS TYPE, (2006) (PERCENT OF ALL COMPANIES IN SAMPLE) (%)
• FIGURE 35 INTERNATIONAL COAL-PROCESSING COMPANIES BY COAL-BASED PRODUCT, (2006) (PERCENT OF ALL COMPANIES IN SAMPLE) (%)
• FIGURE 36 PERCENT OF US COAL PROCESSING PLANTS BY REGION 2006 (PERCENT OF ALL MAIN USES) (%)
• FIGURE 37 U.S. COAL-BASED PRODUCT COMPANIES BY PROCESS 2006 (PERCENT OF ALL MAIN USES) (%)
• FIGURE 38 AMOUNT OF COAL COMBUSTION PRODUCTS (CCPS) PRODUCED BY TYPE 2004 (PERCENT OF ALL TYPES) (%)
• FIGURE 39 APPLICATION USE TO PRODUCTION RATE FOR COAL COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, 2004 (%)
• FIGURE 40 PRICES PER TON FOR COAL COMBUSTION PRODUCTS (CCPS), 2004 (%)
• FIGURE 41 COAL-BASED PRODUCT PATENTS BY REGION FOR UNITED STATES PATENT ANALYSIS, (2006)
• FIGURE 42 COAL-BASED PRODUCT PATENTS BY REGION FOR UNITED STATES PATENT ANALYSIS, (2006)
• FIGURE 43 COAL-BASED PRODUCT PATENTS BY PATENT TYPE FOR UNITED STATES PATENT ANALYSIS, (2006)