Photovoltaics: Global Markets and Technologies

Table of Contents

• Photovoltaics: Global Markets and Technologies
• Chapter 1 - SUMMARY
  • Summary Table: GLOBAL PHOTOVOLTAIC MARKET: MODULE SHIPMENTS AND MATERIALS, THROUGH 2013 (MEGAWATTS, MILLIONS)
  • Summary Figure: GLOBAL PHOTOVOLTAIC MARKET: MODULE SHIPMENTS AND MATERIALS, 2007 AND 2013 ($ MILLIONS)
• Chapter 2 - OVERVIEW
  • BACKGROUND
  • CURRENT ENVIRONMENT
  • Table 1 THE GLOBAL ENERGY PROBLEM
    • RISING DEMAND
    • CLIMATE CHANGE
    • INADEQUATE RESERVES
      • Carbon Sequestration
      • Nuclear Power
    • THE NEED FOR SOLAR POWER
  • Table 2 ADVANTAGES OF SOLAR ENERGY
    • PV TECHNOLOGIES
  • Table 3 MAJOR PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGIES
    • BALANCE OF SYSTEMS
      • Module Frames
      • Interconnections
      • Encapsulation
    • PV APPLICATIONS
  • Table 4 KEY APPLICATIONS OF PHOTOVOLTAICS
• Chapter 3 - PHOTOVOLTAIC INDUSTRY STRUCTURE
  • LEADING PHOTOVOLTAIC MANUFACTURERS
  • Table 5 LEADING MANUFACTURERS OF PV CELLS, MODULES, AND SYSTEMS
  • Table 5 (CONTINUED)
  • Table 5 (CONTINUED)
    • PV MANUFACTURING BY REGION
  • Table 6 GLOBAL SHARES OF PV PRODUCTION BY REGION 2007-2013 (%)
  • Figure 1 GLOBAL SHARES OF PV PRODUCTION BY REGION, 2007 AND 2013 (%)
    • PV CONSUMPTION BY REGION
  • Table 7 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION OF PV CELLS BY REGION 2007-2013 (%)
  • Figure 2 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION OF PV CELLS BY REGION, 2007 AND 2013 (%)
    • MARKET SHARES
  • Table 8 ESTIMATED GLOBAL PV PRODUCTION BY COMPANY, 2007 (MEGAWATTS)
    • MANUFACTURING AND DEVELOPING ADVANCED PV TECHNOLOGY
  • Table 9 SELECTED ORGANIZATIONS DEVELOPING SOLAR CELLS AND RELATED TECHNOLOGIES
  • Table 9 (CONTINUED)
    • COMPANY PROFILES
      • ADVENT SOLAR INC., ALBUQUERQUE, NM
      • AVANCIS GMBH, TORGAU, GERMANY
      • AVANCIS GMBH & CO. KG
      • BP SOLAR, FREDERICK, MD
      • BP SOLAR US
      • CHINA SUNERGY CO. LTD., NANJING, CHINA
      • ENERGY PHOTOVOLTAICS INC., ROBBINSVILLE, NJ
      • EVERGREEN SOLAR, MARLBORO, MA
      • FIRST SOLAR LLC, PHOENIX, AZ
      • ISOFTON, MADRID, SPAIN
      • KYOCERA CORPORATION, KYOTO, JAPAN
      • NANOSOLAR, PALO ALTO, CA
      • Q-CELLS, THALHEIM, GERMANY
      • SCHOTT SOLAR INC., MAINZ, GERMANY
      • SHARP CORPORATION, OSAKA, JAPAN
      • SUNTECH, JIANSU PROVINCE, CHINA
      • SUNPOWER CORP., SAN JOSE, CA
• Chapter 4 - PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGY
  • THE PV EFFECT
    • SILICON AND THE PV EFFECT
      • Creating Charge Carriers
      • Forming the Electric Field
      • Driving the Charge Carriers
      • Energy Band Gaps
  • Table 10 IMPORTANCE OF SELECTING MATERIALS WITH PROPER BAND GAP ENERGY
    • MONOCRYSTALLINE SILICON TECHNOLOGY
    • MONOCRYSTALLINE SILICON TECHNOLOGY (CONTINUED)
    • PRODUCING A MONOCRYSTALLINE SOLAR CELL
  • Table 11 ELEMENTS COMMON TO ALL PV CELLS
    • The Importance of Electrical Contacts
  • Table 12 MAJOR PARAMETERS FOR SOLAR CELL MATERIALS
    • MULTICRYSTALLINE SOLAR CELLS
      • MANUFACTURING MULTICRYSTALLINE CELLS
        • Cast Process
        • Ribbon Crystal Silicon
          • The Evergreen Solar Approach
    • THIN FILM SOLAR CELLS
  • Table 13 OBJECTIVES OF THIN FILM SOLAR
    • AMORPHOUS SILICON
      • Properties of Amorphous Silicon
  • Table 14 MAJOR ADVANTAGES OF AMORPHOUS SILICON
    • Early Problems
    • Solution Efforts
  • Table 15 AMORPHOUS SILICON R&D ACTIVITIES
  • Table 16 TYPICAL STRUCTURE OF A TRIPLE JUNCTION A-SI CELL
    • COPPER INDIUM DISELENIDE
  • Table 17 CELL STRUCTURE OF POLYCRYSTALLINE THIN FILM
    • Fabricating CIS Cells
    • CIS R&D
  • CADMIUM TELLURIDE CELLS
    • Manufacturing Cadmium Telluride Cells
      • Environmental Concerns
    • Research Activities
  • Table 18 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES FOR CADMIUM TELLURIDE
    • SOLAR CELL EFFICIENCIES
      • PHOTOVOLTAIC CONVERSION EFFICIENCY DEFINED
      • TESTING DEVICE PERFORMANCE
        • Typical Procedures
        • Spectral Responsivity Systems
  • Table 19 SYSTEMS FOR MEASURING SPECTRAL RESPONSE
    • Features and Advantages
    • Current Versus Voltage Systems
  • Table 20 INSTRUMENTS FOR CELL I-V MEASUREMENTS
    • Features and Advantages of I-V Systems
    • Standard Outdoor Measurement Systems
  • TRADITIONAL SILICON AND THIN FILM SOLAR CELL EFFICIENCIES
  • Table 21 TYPICAL AND MAXIMUM CELL CONVERSION EFFICIENCIES FOR THE TRADITIONAL PV MATERIALS
    • Single Solar Cell Efficiency Limit
  • ADDITIONAL MATERIALS AND MODULE STRUCTURES
    • GALLIUM ARSENIDE SOLAR CELLS
  • Table 22 KEY PROPERTIES OF GALLIUM ARSENIDE
    • GaAs Challenges
  • MULTIJUNCTION DEVICES
    • Advantages of Multijunction Devices
  • Table 23 MAJOR BENEFITS OF MULTIJUNCTION
    • Triple Junction Cell Design
  • Table 24 COMPOSITION AND PROJECTED EFFICIENCIES OF A TRIPLE JUNCTION CELL
    • CONCENTRATORS
  • Table 25 TECHNICAL CHARACTERITICS OF FLAT PLATE VERSUS SOLAR CONCENTRATORS
    • BALANCE OF SYSTEMS
      • MOUNTING STRUCTURES
      • STORAGE DEVICES
      • POWER CONDITIONERS
• Chapter 5 - EMERGING PV TECHNOLOGIES
  • OBJECTIVES OF EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES
  • Table 26 KEY GOALS OF EMERGING PV TECHNOLOGIES
    • BACK CONTACT CELL
  • Table 27 KEY ADVANTAGES OF BACK CONTACT CELL
    • IMPORTANCE OF LASERS
  • DYE-SENSITIZED CELLS
    • PROPERTIES OF THE DYE-SENSITIZED CELL
  • Table 28 SCHEMATIC OF DYE-SENSITIZED CELL
    • CELL EFFICIENCIES
      • Classification
      • Fabrication
    • ADVATAGES OF DYE-SENSITIZED CELLS
  • Table 29 KEY BENEFITS OF DYE-SENSITIZED CELLS
    • QUANTUM DOTS FOR SOLAR CELLS
    • PROPERTIES
      • Synthesis of Quantum Dots
  • Table 30 METHODS OF SYNTHESIZING QUANTUM DOTS
    • ORGANIC QD-BASED SOLAR CELLS
    • ADVANTAGES OF QD SOLAR CELLS
  • Table 31 ADVANTAGES OF COLLOIDAL QDS OVER ORGANIC DYES USED IN PV CELLS
    • FLEXIBLE VERSUS RIGID SUBSTRATES
  • Table 32 ADVANTAGES OF FLEXIBLE POLYMER-BASED CELLS OVER CONVENTIONAL SOLAR CELL DESIGNS
    • NANOCRYSTALS
  • Table 33 INORGANICS USED TO FORM NANOSTRUCTURES
    • ORGANIC PHOTOVOLTAICS
    • PERSPECTIVE OF EMERGING AND TRADITIONAL TECHNOLOGIES
  • Table 34 PROSPECTS FOR EMERGING SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES
    • CONTINUING R&D ON TRADITIONAL PHOTOVOLTAICS
• Chapter 6 - PATENT ANALYSIS
  • PATENTS BY TECHNICAL CATEGORY
  • Table 35 PHOTOVOLTAIC PATENTS BY TECHNOLOGY, 2005
    • PATENTS BY REGION
  • Table 36 PHOTOVOLTAIC PATENTS BY GLOBAL REGION, 2005-2007
    • PATENTS BY COMPANY
  • Table 37 ASSIGNEES WITH THREE OR MORE PATENTS, 2005-2007
    • PATENT ABSTRACTS
      • MONOLITHIC INTEGRATION OF CYLINDRICAL SOLAR CELLS
      • FABRICATING INTERCONNECTED PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS
      • NANOSTRUCTURE AND NANOCOMPOSITE BASED COMPOSITIONS AND PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICES
      • PROCESS FOR MANUFACTURING A SOLAR CELL
      • JUNCTION FORMATION FOR CIGS PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICES
      • MULTIJUNCTION PV CELL WITH BUFFER LAYERS FOR GROWING BORON COMPOUNDS
      • USE OF DOPED SILICON DIOXIDE IN THE FABRICATION OF SOLAR CELLS
• Chapter 7 - PHOTOVOLTAIC INDUSTRY COMPETITIVENESS
  • U.S. GOVERNMENT PV SUPPORT
    • THE SOLAR AMERICA (SAI) INITIATIVE
      • Benefits of the SAI
  • Table 38 MAJOR BENEFITS OF THE SAI
    • NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY (NREL)
      • Primary Research Projects
  • Table 39 PRIMARY NREL RESEARCH
    • The U.S. PV Community
    • U.S. PV Funding
  • Table 40 U.S. GOVERNMENT FUNDING OF PHOTOVOLTAICS, 1998-2007
    • INTERNATIONAL PHOTOVOLTAICS SUPPORT
      • EUROPEAN ACTIVITIES
        • Photovoltaic Technology Research Advisory Council (PV-TRAC)
        • Implementing the Vision
  • Table 41 OBJECTIVES OF THE PV TECHNOLOGY PLATFORM
    • GERMANY' S NATIONAL PROGRAM
  • Table 42 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CONCEPTS OF THE GERMAN PHOTOVOLTAICS PROGRAM
    • EUROPEAN PHOTOVOLTAIC INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION
  • Table 43 BENEFITS OF MEMBERSHIP IN THE EUROPAN PHOTOVOLTAIC INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION
    • JAPANESE PV EFFORTS
  • Table 44 RESASONS FOR JAPANESE INVESTMENT
    • The Subsidy Program
  • Table 45 QUALIFICATIONS FOR JAPANESE PV SUBSIDIES
    • OTHER INTERNATIONAL SUPPORT
  • Table 46 ADDITIONAL SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL PV SUPPORT
    • STANDARDS AND SAFETY
      • INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS EFFORTS
        • The Global Approval Program (PV GAP)
          • Other Organizations
  • Table 47 STANDARDS AND CONFORMITY ASSESSMENT
    • PV ECONOMICS AND COSTS
    • SOLAR REBATES AND INCENTIVES
  • Table 48 BASIC GLOBAL PV REBATES AND INCENTIVES
    • THE U.S. EXAMPLE
      • Federal and State PV Incentives
    • PV TECHNOLOGY
      • BIPV A KILLER APP?
      • CONTINUING GROWTH OF THIN FILM AND ORGANIC PRODUCTS
    • PV MARKET GROWTH FACTORS
      • DRIVING FORCES
      • IMPACT OF MARKET GROWTH FACTORS
  • Table 49 IMPACT OF CONTRIBUTING FACTORS ON PV GROWTH
• Chapter 8 - PV MARKETS
  • PV MARKET CHARACTERISTICS
    • PV DEMAND CONTINUES TO GROW
  • Table 50 GLOBAL PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL/MODULE SHIPMENTS, 2001-2006 (MEGAWATTS)
  • Figure 3 GLOBAL PV CELL/MODULE SHIPMENTS, 2001-2007
    • Growth Considerations
  • A CONSTANTLY CHANGING INDUSTRY
    • Impact of Silicon Shortage
  • Table 51 BASIC 2006 SILICON USAGE
  • Figure 4 SILICON USAGE BY APPLICATION, 2006 (%)
    • More External Influence on Manufacturing Methods
    • The Push for New Technologies
  • INCREASED UTILITY INVOLVEMENT
  • Table 52 CHALLENGES FACING UTILITIES
    • Feed-in Tariffs
    • Net Metering
    • Solar Electric Power Association
  • Table 53 MISSION OF THE SOLAR ELECTRIC POWER ASSOCIATION
    • INCREASING GLOBAL ENERGY DEMAND
      • Growing Global Electric Power Generation
  • Table 54 GLOBAL ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION, THROUGH 2015 (BILLIONS KILOWATTHOURS)
    • PV COST REDUCTION IS A MUST
  • Table 55 AVERAGE INSTALLED PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFICIENCIES AND COSTS, 1995-2020
    • Cost Competitive Aspects
    • Future Implications
  • SUMMARY OF PV MARKET CHARACTERISTICS
  • Table 56 SUMMARY OF PV MARKET CHARACTRISTICS
    • CURRENT/EMERGING PV APPLICATIONS
    • GRID-CONNECTED APPLICATIONS
      • Distributed Generation
  • Table 57 BENEFITS OF DISTRIBUTED GENERATION
    • Rooftop Systems
  • Table 58 KEY ADVANTAGES OF ROOFTOP SYSTEMS
    • Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV)
  • Table 59 TYPICAL BIPV SYSTEM
    • Types of BIPV Systems
    • Other Exterior Options
  • Table 60 MAJOR ADVANTAGES OF BIPV
    • UTILITY APPLICATIONS
      • Utility Transmission and Distribution
      • Utility Scale PV Power
  • Table 61 BENEFITS OF BUILDING A UTILITY-SCALE PV PLANT
    • OFF-GRID SYSTEMS
      • Off-Grid Residential PV
  • Table 62 TYPES OF OFF-GRID RESIDENTIAL PV SYSTEMS
    • Off-Grid Industrialized or Residential PV with Generators
    • Off-Grid Communication Systems
  • Table 63 SOME COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS
    • PV with Battery Storage
  • Table 64 ESTIMATED USES OF PV ON NATIONAL PARK LANDS (%)
    • Remote Village Electrification
  • Table 65 MAJOR ADVANTAGES OF OFF-GRID VILLAGE ELECTRIFICATION
    • Water Pumping
  • SPACE APPLICATIONS
  • Table 66 MAJOR ADVANTAGES OF PV IN
    • Multijunction and Concentrator Cells
  • NEW APPLICATIONS
    • Advantages of Flexibility
  • PHOTOVOLTAIC BUYING DECISIONS
  • Table 67 MAJOR FACTORS IN PV SYSTEM BUYING DECISIONS (%)
    • PV MARKET FORCES
      • POSITIVE FACTORS
        • Positive Factors (Continued)
      • LIMITING FACTORS
    • PHOTOVOLTAIC MARKET PROJECTIONS
      • GROWTH TRENDS
  • Table 68 INSTALLATIONS OF GRID-CONNECTED RESIDENTIAL SYSTEMS IN JAPAN AND GERMANY, THROUGH 2007 (MEGAWATTS)
    • FORECAST ASSUMPTIONS
  • Table 69 CURRENT FACTS IMPACTING PV
  • Table 70 FORECAST ASSUMPTIONS-GROWTH OF PV CELLS
    • MARKET FORECASTS
      • MONOCRYSTALLINE SILICON TECHNOLOGY
        • Key Factors in Our Projections
  • Table 71 FORECAST-GLOBAL SHIPMENTS OF MONOCRYSTALLINE SILICON CELLS/MODULES, THROUGH 2013 (MEGAWATTS)
  • Figure 5 GLOBAL SHIPMENTS OF MONCRYSTALLINE SOLAR CELLS, 2007-2013 (MEGAWATTS)
    • MULTICRYSTALLINE SILICON TECHNOLOGY
      • Major Factors in the Projection
  • Table 72 FORECAST-GLOBAL SHIPMENTS OF MULTICRYSTALLINE SILICON SOLAR CELLS THROUGH 2013 (MEGAWATTS)
  • Figure 6 GLOBAL SHIPMENTS OF MULTICRYSTALLINE SOLAR, CELLS 2007-2013 (MEGAWATTS)
    • THIN FILM TECHNOLOGY
      • Flexible Cells is a Key Issue
      • Other Thin Film Considerations
        • Amorphous Silicon
        • Cadmium Telluride
        • Copper Indium Diselenide (CIS)
        • Compound Semiconductor Materials
  • Table 73 FORECAST-GLOBAL SHIPMENTS OF THIN FILM SOLAR CELLS BY TYPE, THROUGH 2013 (MEGAWATTS)
  • Figure 7 GLOBAL SHIPMENTS OF THIN FILMS PV CELLS BY TYPE, 2007-2013 (MEGAWATTS)
    • EMERGING TECHNOLOGY
      • Assumptions
  • Table 74 FORECAST-GLOBAL SHIPMENTS OF PV CELLS MADE FROM EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, THROUGH 2013 (MEGAWATTS)
  • Figure 8 GLOBAL SHIPMENTS OF PV CELLS MADE FROM EMERGING TECHNOLOGY, 2007-2013 (MEGAWATTS)
    • SHIPMENTS AT A GLANCE
  • Table 75 GLOBAL SHIPMENTS OF PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS BY MAJOR TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2013 (MEGAWATTS)
  • Figure 9 GLOBAL SHIPMENTS OF PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS BY TECHNOLOGY, 2007-2013 (MEGAWATTS)
    • Percent of Market
  • Table 76 GLOBAL SHARES OF CELL/MODULE SHIPMENTS BY MAJOR TECHNOLOGY, 2007-2013 (%)
  • Figure 10 GLOBAL SHARES OF CELL/MODULE SHIPMENTS BY MAJOR TECHNOLOGY, 2007-2013 (%)
    • VALUE OF SHIPMENTS
      • Balance of Systems Costs
  • Table 77 GLOBAL MARKET VALUE OF CELL/MODULE SHIPMENTS THROUGH 2013 (MEGAWATTS, AVERAGE PRICE $ MILLIONS)
    • SHIPMENTS OF PV MODULES BY APPLICATION
  • Table 78 GLOBAL SHIPMENTS OF PV CELLS BY APPLICATION THROUGH 2013 (MEGAWATTS)
  • Figure 11 GLOBAL SHIPMENTS OF PV CELLS BY APPLICATION, 2007-2013 (MEGAWATTS)
    • PROJECTION SUMMARY
  • MATERIALS PROJECTIONS
    • MATERIAL CLASSIFICATION
    • COST BASIS
    • VALUE OF PV MATERIALS
  • Table 79 GLOBAL MARKET FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL/MODULE MATERIALS BY TYPE, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)
  • Figure 12 GLOBAL MARKET FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL/MODULE MATERIALS BY TYPE, 2007-2013 ($ MILLIONS)
• Chapter 9 - APPENDIX I CONCENTRATING SOLAR POWER
  • CONCENTRATING SOLAR POWER
    • TECHNOLOGY
      • The Solar Resource
    • SYSTEMS OVERVIEW
  • Table 80 TYPICAL OPERATING TEMPERATURES AND CAPACITIES FOR CONCENTRATING SOLAR POWER
    • Parabolic Trough Systems
      • Development Plans
    • Power Tower Systems
  • Table 81 ADVANTAGES OF SOLAR
    • Technology Status
  • Dish/Engine Systems
    • Recent Developments
    • Future Markets
  • Technology Status
  • Table 82 COMMERCIAL STATUS OF CONCENTRATING SOLAR POWER SYSTEMS
    • BUSINESS AND MARKET OPPORTUNITIES
      • Market Status
        • Global Market Expands Concentrating Solar Power
    • CONCENTRATING SOLAR POWER INDUSTRY STRUCTURE
  • Table 83 LEADING COMPANIES IN THE CONCENTRATING SOLAR POWER BUSINESS
  • Table 83 (CONTINUED)
    • CONCENTRATING SOLAR POWER COST FACTORS
    • CONCENTRATING SOLAR POWER ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS
      • Positive Factors
      • Limiting Factors
      • Comparison with Photovoltaic Technology
        • Comparison with Photovoltaic ý(Continued)
• Chapter 10 - APPENDIX II GLOSSARY
  • GLOSSARY
    • GLOSSARY (CONTINUED)
    • GLOSSARY (CONTINUED)
    • GLOSSARY (CONTINUED)
    • GLOSSARY (CONTINUED)
    • GLOSSARY (CONTINUED)
    • GLOSSARY (CONTINUED)
    • GLOSSARY (CONTINUED)