Advanced Wastewater Treatments for Global Markets

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION ...........XIX

• STUDY GOAL AND OBJECTIVES ...........XIX
• REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY ...........XIX
• CONTRIBUTION OF THE STUDY AND FOR WHOM ........... XX
• SCOPE AND FORMAT ........... XX
• METHODOLOGY ........... XX
• INFORMATION SOURCES ...........XXI
• RELATED BCC PUBLICATIONS ...........XXI
• REPORTS ...........XXI
• MONTHLY NEWSLETTERS ...........XXII
• ABOUT BCC ...........XXII
• CONDITIONS OF PURCHASE ...........XXII
• ADDITIONAL COPIES ...........XXII
• CONSULTING SERVICES .................XXIII
• DISCLAIMER .................XXIII
• BCC ON-LINE SERVICES .................XXIII
  • INTERNET .................XXIII

SUMMARY .................XIV

OVERVIEW ........... 1

• THE WATER PROBLEM ........... 1
  • WATER AVAILABILITY: THE REALITY ........... 1
  • GLOBAL POLLUTION: WIDESPREAD AND RESISTANT TO REGULATION ........... 1
  • The Character of Present Wastewater Technology ........... 2
  • The Character of Future Wastewater Treatment ........... 3
  • U.S. CLEAN WATER ACT ........... 3
• THE GLOBAL MARKET ........... 4
• U.S. REGULATORY EFFORTS ........... 4
• MAJOR INTERNATIONAL REGULATORY AND OTHER AGENCIES ........... 5
• INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS ........... 6
• APPROACHES TO WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT ........... 6
  • WASTE MINIMIZATION ........... 6
  • REMEDIATION, RECYCLE, REUSE ........... 7
• TRADITIONAL VS. ADVANCED TREATMENTS ........... 8
  • TRADITIONAL TREATMENTS ........... 8
  • Chemical Oxidation ........... 8
    • Improved Chemical Treatments ........... 9
  • Coagulation -Flocculation ........... 9
    • Coagulation ........... 10
    • Flocculation ........... 10
    • Advanced Coagulant Control ........... 11
  • ADVANCED TREATMENTS ........... 12
  • Advanced Biological Technologies ........... 12
  • Membrane Technologies ........... 13
  • Sorption Technologies ........... 14
  • Electrochemical Technologies ........... 14
• MAJOR CONTAMINANTS ........... 15
  • INORGANICS AND HEAVY METALS ........... 15
  • Arsenic ........... 15
  • Chromium VI ........... 16
  • Mercury ........... 17
  • ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ........... 17
  • Oily Wastewaters ........... 18
  • MICROORGANISMS AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES ........... 18
• SYNOPSIS OF TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES FOR WASTES ........... 19
• AMOUNTS OF WATER TO BE TREATED ........... 21
• U.S. VALUE OF ADVANCED WASTEWATER SYSTEM TREATMENTS ........... 22

ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL TREATMENTS ........... 25

• WETLANDS/BIOSORPTION ........... 25
  • BIOSORPTION ........... 27
  • Cellulosics ........... 28
    • Safe Harbor ........... 28
    • Low-grade Cotton ........... 28
    • Absorbent W and Absorbent GP ........... 28
    • Spill-Dri Particulate ........... 29
  • Peat ........... 29
    • Peat Sorb ........... 29
    • Peat Beads ........... 30
  • MultiSorb ........... 30
  • SeptiSorb ........... 31
  • Algae ........... 31
  • CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS ........... 32
  • Aerated Lagoons ........... 33
  • Biosorptive Flotation ........... 33
  • Vegetation ........... 34
  • Phytoremediation ........... 34
  • African Alfalfa Shoots ........... 35
  • Assisted Photo-oxidation ........... 35
• Biological Nutrient Removal ........... 35
• ‘BUGS,�EENZYMES, AND BIOREACTORS ........... 35
  • MEMBRANE BIOREACTOR ........... 37
  • Immersed Membrane Filtration ........... 37
  • Pond vs. Bioreactor ........... 38
  • Biochambers with Vacuum ........... 40
  • Fixed-Film Biocontactor ........... 40
  • Slurry Separator System ........... 41
  • U-Tube Reactor ........... 42
  • BIOCATALYSTS, BIOSURFACTANTS ........... 42
  • TOLUENE DESTRUCTION ........... 43
  • COMBINATION SYSTEMS ........... 44
  • PACKED BEDS ........... 45
• MISCELLANEOUS TREATMENTS ........... 46
  • AFRICAN CICHLIDS AND SEWAGE ........... 46
  • GEL BEADS ........... 47
  • CHITOSAN ........... 47
  • DETOXIFYING WASTES ........... 48
  • Degradation of Swine Waste ........... 48
  • STEROSPECIFIC BIOCARRIERS ........... 49
  • ADVANCED "STORS" ........... 50
• INDUSTRY PARTICIPANTS ........... 50
  • ABYDOZ ENVIRONMENTAL ........... 51
  • ACORN BIOTECHNICAL ........... 51
  • ADEQUA SERVICES ........... 51
  • AGRICULTURES INTL. ........... 52
  • AMBIENTECH TECNOLOGIA AMBIENTAL LTDA ........... 52
  • AMERICAN BIOSYSTEMS, INC. ........... 52
  • AUSTRALIAN WETLANDS ........... 52
  • BIODYNE ........... 53
  • BIO-MICROBICS, INC. ........... 53
  • BIO-SYSTEMS EUROPE, LTD. ........... 53
  • BIOTOP ENVIRONMENTAL PARTNERSHIP ........... 54
  • CK VENTURES, LTD. (CKV) ........... 54
  • EATHISA CHILE ........... 54
  • ?CO ?QUIPEMENT FEP INC. ........... 54
  • ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING ASSOCIATES ........... 55
  • ECO PROCESS AND EQUIPMENT INTERNATIONAL, INC. ........... 56
  • ECOWERKS TECHNOLOGIES CORP. ........... 57
  • ENSOLVE BIOSYSTEMS, INC. ........... 57
  • ENVIROGEN, INC. ........... 58
  • ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS INTL., LTD. ........... 59
  • ENVIRO-ZYME INTERNATIONAL, INC. ........... 59
  • FORM CELL RESEARCH, INC. ........... 59
  • HYDROMETRICS ........... 60
  • HYDROXYL SYSTEMS, INC. ........... 60
  • INTERNATIONAL ABSORBENTS, INC. ........... 60
  • IRIDRA ........... 61
  • J.W. SALEM ENGINEERING, INC. ........... 61
  • KINETIC BIOSYSTEMS, INC. (KBI) ........... 61
  • KUBOTA CORP. ........... 62
  • MAPS INDIA ........... 62
  • MICROBAC, LTD. ........... 62
  • ONDEO DEGREMONT, INC. ........... 63
  • Ondeo Degremont, S.A. ........... 63
  • United Water Resources ........... 63
  • PEAT TECHNOLOGIES ........... 64
  • RHODIA ECO SERVICES/ORELIS ........... 65
  • Rhodia Eco Services U.S. ........... 65
  • ROCKBOURNE ENVIRONMENTAL, LTD. ........... 65
  • STAR BIOLOGICAL, INC. ........... 66
  • WASTE SOLUTIONS, LTD. ........... 66
  • WEHRLE-WERK AG ........... 66
  • Wehrle Environmental ........... 66
  • WEIR ENVIG (PTY) LTD./MEMBRATEK ........... 67
  • XYCLONYX/U.S. MICROBICS, INC. ........... 67
  • ZAPF GMBH ........... 68
  • ZENON ENVIRONMENTAL, INC. ........... 68
• VALUE OF ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENTS ........... 69

MEMBRANE TREATMENTS ........... 72

• GEOMETRY ........... 73
• MODULES ........... 73
• CROSSFLOW OPERATION ........... 73
• PRETREATMENT ........... 74
  • CROSSFLOW MF AS PRETREATMENT ........... 75
  • FOULING ........... 75
• WASTEWATER REUSE ........... 76
• MEMBRANE MICROFILTRATION ........... 77
• UTILIZATION ........... 78
  • PLANT EFFLUENT TREATMENT ........... 78
  • FIBER CLEANING ........... 78
  • COMBINATION SYSTEM ........... 79
  • ADVANCED SYSTEMS FOR SEWER WATER ........... 80
  • COSTS ........... 80
• ULTRAFILTRATION (UF) ........... 81
  • COSTS ........... 82
  • ESTABLISHED MARKETS ........... 83
  • Heavy Metals ........... 83
  • Wood Wastewaters ........... 83
• REVERSE OSMOSIS (RO) ........... 84
  • HIGH-EFFICIENCY REVERSE OSMOSIS (HERO) ........... 84
  • WATER FACTORY 21 ........... 85
  • LEACHATE TREATMENT ........... 87
  • REDUCTION OF ION EXCHANGE REGENERATION EFFLUENT ........... 88
  • NANOFILTRATION ........... 88
• TECHNOLOGY TRENDS ........... 89
  • CERAMIC SUPPORTED POLYMERS ........... 89
  • Pervaporation and Other Promising Applications for CSP Membranes ........... 90
• INDUSTRY PARTICIPANTS ........... 90
  • AQUASOURCE/ONDEO/VIVENDI ........... 91
  • Aquasource North America, LLC ........... 91
  • ASAHI KASEI ........... 91
  • COMTEH DOO ........... 92
  • C. P. ENVIROSYSTEMS, LTD. (CPE) ........... 92
  • DOW CHEMICAL CO./UNION CARBIDE ........... 93
  • Dow Liquid Separations/FilmTec Corp. ........... 93
    • FT-30 RO Membrane ........... 93
    • BW30 ........... 94
    • Other Products ........... 94
    • Marketing Strategy ........... 94
  • ECOLOCHEM ........... 95
  • ENVIROTECH ........... 95
  • H2O INNOVATIONS (2000), INC. ........... 95
  • HYDRANAUTICS /NITTO DENKO ........... 96
  • IONICS, INC. ........... 96
  • KOCH MEMBRANE SYSTEMS/FLUID SYSTEMS CORP. ........... 97
  • KURITA WATER INDUSTRIES, LTD. ........... 98
  • Kurita America, Inc. ........... 98
  • MYCELX TECHNOLOGIES ........... 99
  • OSMONICS, INC. ........... 99
  • Desalination Systems, Inc. (DSI)/Osmonics ........... 99
  • RHODIA ECO SERVICES/ORELIS ...........100
  • Rhodia Eco Services U.S. ...........100
  • SAEHAN INDUSTRIES, INC. ...........101
  • TRISEP ...........101
  • TORAY MEMBRANE AMERICAS, INC. ...........102
  • Toray Industries, Inc. ...........102
  • USFILTER/VIVENDI ENVIRONMENT ...........103
  • USFilter/Membralox ...........103
  • Vivendi Water North America ...........103
  • Memtec/USFilter/Vivendi ...........103
  • Memcor, Ltd. ...........103
    • Memtec ...........104
  • WEHRLE-WERK AG ...........105
  • Wehrle Environmental ...........105
  • WEIR ENVIG (PTY), LTD./MEMBRATEK ...........106
  • ZENON ENVIRONMENTAL, INC. ...........106
• VALUE OF MEMBRANE SYSTEMS FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENTS BY TYPE ...........107

SORPTION TREATMENTS ...........110

• ABSORPTION ...........110
  • SAND FILTER MEDIA ...........110
• ADSORPTION ...........111
• ACTIVATED ALUMINA ...........111
  • PRIMARY USES ...........112
• ACTIVATED CARBON ...........113
  • REGENERATION ...........113
  • Production ...........114
  • PRIMARY USES ...........114
  • Vapor-Phase Carbon Adsorption ...........114
  • Liquid-Phase Applications ...........115
  • Other Applications ...........115
  • Disadvantages of Activated Carbon ...........115
  • Technology Trends ...........115
    • Recycling Tires ...........116
    • Waste Minimization ...........117
    • Combination Treatments ...........117
  ZEOLITES ...........118
  • NATURAL ZEOLITE SOURCES ...........119
  • APPLICATIONS FOR ZEOLITES ...........119
  • Primary Uses ...........119
  • Zeolites and Wastewater Cleanup ...........120
  • Specific Applications ...........121
    • Arsenic Removal ...........121
    • Radioactive Waste Treatment ...........121
  MISCELLANEOUS SORBENTS FOR ADVANCED WASTEWATER TREATMENT ...........122
  • CHELATES ...........122
  • Use with Supercritical Fluids ...........122
  • CHITOSAN ...........123
  • SPECIALTY CLAYS ...........123
  • Biocidal Organoclay ...........124
  • METAL OXIDES ...........125
  • HUMIC ACID ...........125
  • COMBINATION MATERIALS ...........126
• INDUSTRY PARTICIPANTS FOR SORPTION TECHNOLOGIES ...........126
  • APYRON ...........127
  • ALCOA WORLD CHEMICALS ...........128
  • Alcan Chemicals ...........128
  • ARCTECH, INC. ...........128
  • BADGER MINING CORP. ...........128
  • BJAAM ENVIRONMENTAL, INC. ...........129
  • CALGON CARBON CORP. ...........130
  • Chemviron Carbon ...........130
  • GLOBAL TRADE ALLIANCE, INC. ...........131
  • Perspectiva ...........131
  • NUELECTRIC CORP. ...........131
  • NEUMANN ZEOLITE ...........132
  • NUON ...........132
  • Norit Americas, Inc. ...........132
  • POROCEL CORP. ...........133
  • PT. INTAN PRIMA GROUP ...........133
  • WATERLINK SUTCLIFFE CARBONS ...........133
  • Waterlink, Inc. ...........133
  • Waterlink/Barnebay Sutcliffe ...........134
  • WESTVACO CORP. ...........134
  • ZEO, INC. ...........134
  • ZEOLYST INTL. ...........135
  • PQ Corp. ...........135
  • OTHERS ...........135
• SUMMARY SALES AND PROJECTIONS FOR SORPTION ADVANCED WASTEWATER TREATMENTS ...........136
• INFORMATION SOURCES ...........137
  • COST PROJECTIONS AND FORECASTS ...........137
  • APPLICATION MARKET GROWTH FOR ACTIVATED CARBON ...........138
  • SORPTION TECHNOLOGIES -SOLUTIONS AND ALTERNATIVES ...........139

ELECTRICALLY DRIVEN TREATMENTS ...........140

• TYPICAL USES ...........140
• ELECTROCOAGULATION ...........141
• ELECTRODIALYSIS/ELECTRODIALYSIS REVERSING ...........143
• NOVEL TECHNOLOGIES ...........148
• INDUSTRY PARTICIPANTS ...........154 VALUE OF ELECTRICALLY DRIVEN WASTEWATER TREATMENTS ...........158

GLOBAL ADVANCED WASTEWATER TREATMENT MARKET ...........161

• OUTLOOK ...........161
  • FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ...........162
  • ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS IN WATER MANAGEMENT ...........163
  • IMPACT OF THE GLOBAL ECONOMY ...........165
  REGIONAL AND COUNTRY ANALYSES ...........166
  • EUROPE ...........166
  • The European Union ...........166
  • Belgium ...........169
    • Water Profile ...........170
    • Energy Profile ...........170
    • Economic Profile ...........171
    • Demographic Profile ...........172
  • France ...........173
  • Germany ...........177
  • Spain ...........182
  • United Kingdom ...........186
  • EASTERN EUROPE ...........191
  • Poland ...........191
  • Czech Republic ...........196
  • Hungary ...........201
• ASIA/PACIFIC ...........203
  • ASIA WATER DATA ...........205
  • COUNTRY ANALYSES ...........206
  • Australia ...........207
  • China ...........211
  • India ...........215
  • Indonesia ...........218
  • Japan ...........221
  • South Korea ...........224
  • Philippines ...........228
  • Taiwan ...........230
  • Thailand ...........232
  • MIDDLE EAST/AFRICA ...........235
  • Bahrain ...........236
  • Egypt ...........240
  • Iran ...........243
  • Israel ...........246
  • Kuwait ...........249
  • Saudi Arabia ...........252
  • United Arab Emirates ...........255
  • AFRICA ...........257
  • Ghana ...........258
  • South Africa ...........261
  • THE AMERICAS ...........264
  • Argentina ...........265
  • Brazil ...........269
  • Canada ...........273
  • Chile ...........276
  • Ecuador ...........279
  • Mexico ...........283
  • Venezuela ...........287

LIST OF TABLES

• SUMMARY TABLE: VALUE OF ADVANCED WASTEWATER TREATMENTS BY GLOBAL REGION, THROUGH 2006 ...........XXV
• 1 VARIOUS SELECTED TECHNOLOGIES FOR TREATMENT OF EFFLUENTS ........... 20
• 2 WATER OVERVIEW, U.S.A. ........... 22
• 3 SUMMARY VALUE OF ADVANCED WASTEWATER SYSTEM TREATMENTS IN THE U.S. BY TYPE,
• THROUGH 2006 ........... 23
• 4 SALES AND PROJECTIONS FOR U.S. ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENTS,
• THROUGH 2006 ........... 70
• 5 SALES AND PROJECTIONS FOR MEMBRANE WASTEWATER TREATMENTS, THROUGH 2006 ...........108
• 6 SALES AND PROJECTIONS FOR SORPTION WASTEWATER TREATMENTS IN THE U.S., THROUGH 2006 ...........138
• 7 SALES AND PROJECTIONS FOR U.S. ELECTRICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENTS BY TYPE, THROUGH 2006 ...........159
• 8 WORLDWIDE VALUE OF ADVANCED WASTEWATER SYSTEM TREATMENTS, THROUGH 2006 ...........162
• 9 VALUE OF AWWT SYSTEMS BY REGION, THROUGH 2006 ...........164
• 10 WATER AVAILABILITY AND USAGE IN EUROPE ...........168
• 11 VALUE OF ADVANCED WASTEWATER SYSTEM TREATMENTS IN EUROPE, THROUGH 2006 ...........168
• 12 WATER OVERVIEW, BELGIUM ...........170
• 13 ENERGY OVERVIEW, BELGIUM ...........171
• 14 ECONOMIC OVERVIEW, BELGIUM ...........171
• 15 DEMOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW, BELGIUM ...........172
• 16 WATER OVERVIEW, FRANCE ...........173
• 17 ENERGY OVERVIEW, FRANCE ...........174
• 18 ECONOMIC OVERVIEW, FRANCE ...........175
• 19 DEMOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW, FRANCE ...........176
• 20 WATER OVERVIEW, GERMANY ...........178
• 21 ENERGY OVERVIEW, GERMANY ...........178
• 22 ECONOMIC OVERVIEW, GERMANY ...........179
• 23 DEMOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW, GERMANY ...........181
• 24 WATER OVERVIEW, SPAIN ...........182
• 25 ENERGY OVERVIEW, SPAIN ...........184
• 26 ECONOMIC OVERVIEW, SPAIN ...........184
• 27 DEMOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW, SPAIN ...........186
• 28 WATER OVERVIEW, U.K. ...........187
• 29 ENERGY OVERVIEW, U.K. ...........188
• 30 ECONOMIC OVERVIEW, U.K. ...........189
• 31 DEMOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW, U.K. ...........191
• 32 WATER OVERVIEW, POLAND ...........192
• 33 ENERGY OVERVIEW, POLAND ...........194
• 34 ECONOMIC OVERVIEW, POLAND ...........195
• 35 DEMOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW, POLAND ...........196
• 36 WATER OVERVIEW, CZECH REPUBLIC ...........197
• 37 ENERGY OVERVIEW, CZECH REPUBLIC ...........198
• 38 ECONOMIC OVERVIEW, CZECH REPUBLIC ...........199
• 39 DEMOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW, CZECH REPUBLIC ...........200
• 40 WATER OVERVIEW, HUNGARY ...........201
• 41 ENERGY OVERVIEW, HUNGARY ...........202
• 42 ECONOMIC OVERVIEW, HUNGARY ...........203
• 43 DEMOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW, HUNGARY ...........203
• 44 WATER AVAILABILITY AND USAGE, ASIA ...........205
• 45 VALUE OF ADVANCED WASTEWATER SYSTEM TREATMENTS IN ASIA, THROUGH 2006 ...........206
• 46 WATER OVERVIEW, AUSTRALIA ...........207
• 47 ENERGY OVERVIEW, AUSTRALIA ...........208
• 48 ECONOMIC OVERVIEW, AUSTRALIA ...........210
• 49 DEMOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW, AUSTRALIA ...........211
• 50 WATER OVERVIEW, CHINA ...........211
• 51 ENERGY OVERVIEW, CHINA ...........213
• 52 ECONOMIC OVERVIEW, CHINA ...........214
• 53 DEMOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW, CHINA ...........214
• 54 WATER OVERVIEW, INDIA ...........215
• 55 ENERGY OVERVIEW, INDIA ...........216
• 56 ECONOMIC OVERVIEW, INDIA ...........217
• 57 DEMOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW, INDIA ...........218
• 58 WATER OVERVIEW, INDONESIA ...........219
• 59 ENERGY OVERVIEW, INDONESIA ...........220
• 60 ECONOMIC OVERVIEW, INDONESIA ...........220
• 61 DEMOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW, INDONESIA ...........221
• 62 WATER OVERVIEW, JAPAN ...........222
• 63 ENERGY OVERVIEW, JAPAN ...........223
• 64 ECONOMIC OVERVIEW, JAPAN ...........224
• 65 DEMOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW, JAPAN ...........224
• 66 WATER OVERVIEW, SOUTH KOREA ...........225
• 67 ENERGY OVERVIEW, SOUTH KOREA ...........226
• 68 ECONOMIC OVERVIEW, SOUTH KOREA ...........227
• 69 DEMOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW, SOUTH KOREA ...........227
• 70 WATER OVERVIEW, PHILIPPINES ...........228
• 71 ENERGY OVERVIEW, PHILIPPINES ...........229
• 72 ECONOMIC OVERVIEW, PHILIPPINES ...........229
• 73 DEMOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW, PHILIPPINES ...........230
• 74 ENERGY OVERVIEW, TAIWAN ...........231
• 75 ECONOMIC OVERVIEW, TAIWAN ...........231
• 76 DEMOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW, TAIWAN ...........232
• 77 WATER OVERVIEW, THAILAND ...........233
• 78 ENERGY OVERVIEW, THAILAND ...........233
• 79 ECONOMIC OVERVIEW, THAILAND ...........234
• 80 DEMOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW, THAILAND ...........235
• 81 WATER AVAILABILITY AND USAGE, MIDDLE EAST/AFRICA ...........236
• 82 VALUE OF ADVANCED WASTEWATER SYSTEM TREATMENTS IN MIDDLE EAST/AFRICA, THROUGH 2006 ...........236
• 83 WATER OVERVIEW, BAHRAIN ...........237
• 84 ENERGY OVERVIEW, BAHRAIN ...........238
• 85 ECONOMIC OVERVIEW, BAHRAIN ...........239
• 86 DEMOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW, BAHRAIN ...........239
• 87 WATER OVERVIEW, EGYPT ...........240
• 88 ENERGY OVERVIEW, EGYPT ...........241
• 89 ECONOMIC OVERVIEW, EGYPT ...........242
• 90 DEMOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW, EGYPT ...........243
• 91 WATER OVERVIEW, IRAN ...........243
• 92 ENERGY OVERVIEW, IRAN ...........244
• 93 ECONOMIC OVERVIEW, IRAN ...........245
• 94 DEMOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW, IRAN ...........246
• 95 WATER OVERVIEW, ISRAEL ...........247
• 96 ENERGY OVERVIEW, ISRAEL ...........247
• 97 ECONOMIC OVERVIEW, ISRAEL ...........248
• 98 DEMOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW, ISRAEL ...........249
• 99 WATER OVERVIEW, KUWAIT ...........249
• 100 ENERGY OVERVIEW, KUWAIT ...........250
• 101 ECONOMIC OVERVIEW, KUWAIT ...........251
• 102 DEMOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW, KUWAIT ...........251
• 103 WATER OVERVIEW, SAUDI ARABIA ...........252
• 104 ENERGY OVERVIEW, SAUDI ARABIA ...........253
• 105 ECONOMIC OVERVIEW, SAUDI ARABIA ...........254
• 106 DEMOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW, SAUDI ARABIA ...........255
• 107 WATER OVERVIEW, UAE ...........256
• 108 ENERGY OVERVIEW, UAE ...........256
• 109 ECONOMIC OVERVIEW, UAE ...........257
• 110 DEMOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW, UAE ...........257
• 111 WATER OVERVIEW, GHANA ...........258
• 112 ENERGY OVERVIEW, GHANA ...........259
• 113 ECONOMIC OVERVIEW, GHANA ...........260
• 114 DEMOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW, GHANA ...........260
• 115 WATER OVERVIEW, SOUTH AFRICA ...........261
• 116 ENERGY OVERVIEW, SOUTH AFRICA ...........262
• 117 ECONOMIC OVERVIEW, SOUTH AFRICA ...........263
• 118 DEMOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW, SOUTH AFRICA ...........263
• 119 WATER AVAILABILITY AND USAGE, THE AMERICAS ...........264
• 120 VALUE OF ADVANCED WASTEWATER SYSTEM TREATMENTS IN AMERICAS (MINUS U.S.), THROUGH 2006 ...........265
• 121 WATER OVERVIEW, ARGENTINA ...........266
• 122 ENERGY OVERVIEW, ARGENTINA ...........267
• 123 ECONOMIC OVERVIEW, ARGENTINA ...........268
• 124 DEMOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW, ARGENTINA ...........269
• 125 WATER OVERVIEW, BRAZIL ...........270
• 126 ENERGY OVERVIEW, BRAZIL ...........271
• 127 ECONOMIC OVERVIEW, BRAZIL ...........272
• 128 DEMOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW, BRAZIL ...........273
• 129 WATER OVERVIEW, CANADA ...........273
• 130 ENERGY OVERVIEW, CANADA ...........274
• 131 ECONOMIC OVERVIEW, CANADA ...........275
• 132 DEMOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW, CANADA ...........276
• 133 WATER OVERVIEW, CHILE ...........277
• 134 ENERGY OVERVIEW, CHILE ...........277
• 135 ECONOMIC OVERVIEW, CHILE ...........278
• 136 DEMOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW, CHILE ...........279
• 137 WATER OVERVIEW, ECUADOR ...........280
• 138 ENERGY OVERVIEW, ECUADOR ...........281
• 139 ECONOMIC OVERVIEW, ECUADOR ...........282
• 140 DEMOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW, ECUADOR ...........282
• 141 WATER OVERVIEW, MEXICO ...........283
• 142 ENERGY OVERVIEW, MEXICO ...........284
• 143 ECONOMIC OVERVIEW, MEXICO ...........286
• 144 DEMOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW, MEXICO ...........287
• 145 WATER OVERVIEW, VENEZUELA ...........288
• 146 ENERGY OVERVIEW, VENEZUELA ...........289
• 147 ECONOMIC OVERVIEW, VENEZUELA ...........289
• 148 DEMOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW, VENEZUELA ...........290

LIST OF FIGURES

SUMMARY FIGURE: VALUE OF ADVANCED WASTEWATER TREATMENTS BY GLOBAL REGION,
• THROUGH 1995-2006 ............. XXVI
• 1 SUMMARY VALUE OF ADVANCED WASTEWATER SYSTEM TREATMENTS IN THE U.S. BY TYPE, 1995-2006 ........... 23
• 2 SALES AND PROJECTIONS FOR MEMBRANE WASTEWATER TREATMENTS, 1995-2006 ...........108
• 3 SALES AND PROJECTIONS FOR SORPTION WASTEWATER TREATMENTS IN THE U.S., 1995-2006 ...........138
• 4 SALES AND PROJECTIONS FOR U.S. ELECTRICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENTS BY TYPE, 1995-2006 ...........159
• 5 WORLDWIDE VALUE OF ADVANCED WASTEWATER SYSTEM TREATMENTS, 1995-2006 ...........162
• 6 VALUE OF AWWT SYSTEMS BY REGION, 1995-2006 ...........165
• 7 VALUE OF ADVANCED WASTEWATER SYSTEM TREATMENTS IN EUROPE, THROUGH 2006 ...........169
• 8 VALUE OF ADVANCED WASTEWATER SYSTEM TREATMENTS IN ASIA, THROUGH 2006 ...........206