Has Electrical Energy Storage Finally Arrived?: Case Studies of Successful Applications

Table of Contents

• Table of Contents
• Executive Summary
• The Main Points
• In This Report
• Situation Overview
  • Obstacles to the Implementation of Energy Storage
• Energy Storage for an Imperfect Grid: Potential "Killer Apps"
  • Load Leveling
  • Wind Energy Bulk Storage
  • Peak Shaving
  • Figure: Peak Shaving Through Energy Storage
  • Frequency Regulation and Spinning Reserve
• New Storage Technologies in Old Applications
• Implementations
  • Peak Shaving for Asset Deferral: PacifiCorp Vanadium Redox Battery System
  • Figure: VRB Power Systems Energy Storage System, Castle Valley, Utah
  • Peak Shaving for Asset Deferral: American Electric Power and Sodium-Sulfur Batteries
  • Figure: Sodium-Sulfur Battery Being Installed at AEP Substation
  • Peak Shaving for Demand Reduction: New York Power Authority and Sodium-Sulfur Batteries
  • Frequency Regulation: Beacon Power's Smart Energy Matrix
  • Figure: Beacon Power's Smart Energy Matrix Concept
  • Spinning Reserve: Golden Valley Electrical Association Nickel-Cadmium Battery Energy Storage System
  • Wind Generation Support: J-Power Vanadium Redox Battery
  • Figure: SUBARU VRB Energy Storage System in Tomamae, Japan
  • Wind Generation Support: Hawaiian Electric's Electronic Shock Absorber
  • Hybrid Energy Storage: Combining Storage Technologies
  • Figure: A Hybrid Battery-Ultracapacitor System to Back Up DC Loads
• Future Outlook
• Learn More
  • Related Research
  • Appendix
  • Synopsis