Emerging Technologies in Lab-on-a-Chip: Microarrays and Biochips

Table of Contents

• 1. Executive Summary
  • 1. Introduction
    • 1. Introduction
    • 2. History
  • 2. Background
    • 1. Microarrays and Biochips
    • 2. DNA Microarrays
    • 3. Proteomics and Protein chips
    • 4. Analyzing Microarrays
  • 3. Applications
    • 1. Pharmacogenomics
    • 2. Bioinformatics
• 2. Markets; Drivers; and Challenges to Commercialization
  • 1. Markets and Market Forecasts
    • 1. Introduction
    • 2. Markets and Market Forecasts
    • 3. Pharmaceuticals Industry
    • 4. Diagnostic Applications
    • 5. Nanotechnology and Nanobiotechnology
  • 2. Market Drivers
    • 1. Life-Sciences Research
    • a. Pharmacogenomics
    • b. Mass Production and Standardizatrion
    • c. SNP Scoring
    • d. Proteomoics
    • e. PCR Technology Goping Off-Patents
    • f. Simpler Method to Replace PCR
    • g. Further Miniaturization
    • h. Cross Pollination from the Electronics and Semiconductor Industry
    • i. One-Stop Shopping
    • 2. Point-of-Care Diagnostics/Biodefense
    • a. Drug Screening in the Pharmaceuticals Industry
    • b. Diagnostics
    • c. Rapid Results
    • d. MEMS Evolution
    • e. Bio- and Chemical-Weapons Defense Application
  • 3. Technical Challenges and Barriers to Commercialization
    • 1. Money; As Usual
    • a. Sample Preparation
    • b. Variability, Reliability and Durability
    • c. Too much data
    • d. Too many chips
    • e. Prices Dropping
    • 2. Standardization
  • 4. Diagnostics
    • 1. Industry Conservatism
    • 2. DNA Chips--Optimization of Hybridization
• 3. Technologies
  • 1. DNA and RNA Arrays
    • 1. GeneChip: The Original Disposable DNA Probe Arrays--Affymetrix
    • 2. Entire Human Genome on a Single Chip--Agilent Technologies Inc
    • 3. Really Big Chip for Whole Genome Gene Search--Upstate Medical University
    • 4. Diagnostic Rival to PCR Sets DNA Detection Sensitivity Record--Northwestern University
    • 5. Array Uses Chemiluminescence for Femtomolar-Level Sensitivity--Applied Biosystems
  • 2. Protein Chips
    • 1. SELDI Protein Chip--Ciphergen Biosystems Inc
    • 2. Affinity Binding Immobilizes Proteins but Retains Function--Prolinx Inc.
  • 3. Microarrays as Sensors for Chemicals and Microbes
    • 1. Microelectrode-Array-Based Cell Sensor to Detect Chemicals--University of California
    • 2. Tiny Microheaters as Protein Sensors--University of Washington
    • 3. Xerogel Arrays Sense Numerous Chemicals--University at Buffalo;University of New York
    • 4. Laser-Based Fluorescence for DNA Adduct Detection--Ames Laboratory
    • 5. Gold Nanoparticles and Color Changes for Microbe Detection--Nanosphere Inc.
  • 4. Other Types of Biochip Arrays
    • 1. Brain-on-a-Chip--University of Illinois
    • 2. Glycan Array for Glycomics Applications--Consortium of Glycosciences
  • 5. Detection Methods
    • 1. Nanowire Detectors Instead of PCR--Harvard University
    • 2. Detecting Genetic Variants via Base Stacking--Nanogen Inc.
  • 6. Microfluidic Arrays
    • 1. Miniaturized Liquid Array Bioassays--Luminex Corporation
    • 2. Ultrahigh-Throughput Via Flow-Through Array--BioTrove Inc.
  • 7. Biochip Design and Assembly: Microprinting; Lithography; Coatings
    • 1. Nanofabrication Combines Best of Top-Down and Bottom-Up Processes--Nanogen Inc.
    • 2. Miniaturized Biochips: A Million Spots in One--NanoInk Inc.
    • 3. Additional Companies
• 4. International Efforts
  • 1. Australia
    • 1. Australia and Japan: Chemical Inkjet Printer
    • 2. Universal Array Hopes to Identify Everything
  • 2. Denmark and France
    • 1. A Novel Fabrication Process for Cantilever-Based Mass Sensors
    • 2. Speed DNA Separations on Chip
  • 3. Canada
    • 1. DNA Switch Senses Big And Small Molecules
    • 2. Multiplexed Biological Detection Using Luminescent Quantum Dots
    • 3. Self-Assembling DNA Wire
    • 4. Isothermal DNA Tags
  • 4. Germany
    • 1. Benchtop Arrayer Digital In; Microarray Out
    • 2. CMOS Biochips
  • 5. Israel and Italy
    • 1. Novel Pollution Biosensor Uses Enzyme Induction
    • 2. MEMS DNA Lab-on-a-Silicon Chip
  • 6. Japan and South Korea
    • 1. Wet Protein Chips Help Biology Labs
    • 2. Charge Sensors Can Detect DNA Sequences
  • 7. Norway; Spain; Sweden
    • 1. Nucleic Acid Clues for Homeland Security
    • 2. Microarray Analyzes Gene Function in Bacteria
• 5. Patents and Contacts
  • 1. Patents
    • 1. Patents I
    • 2. Patents II
    • 3. Patents III
  • 2. Contacts
    • 1. Companies
    • 2. Universities
• 6. Frost & Sullivan 2004 Science and Technology Awards
  • 1. Technology Leadership Award
    • 1. Award Description
    • 2. Award Recipient
  • 2. Technology Innovation Award
    • 1. Award Description
    • 2. Award Recipient
• 7. Decision Support Database Tables
  • 1. Decision Support Database Relevant to This Study
    • 1. Number of Biotech Companies (1999 to 2006)
    • 2. Goverment Biotech R&D Investment (1999 to 2006)
    • 3. Government Healthcare Expenditure (1999 to 2006)
    • 4. Healthcare Expenditure as Percentage of GDP (1999 to 2006)
    • 5. Private Healthcare Expenditure (1999 to 2006)
    • 6. Pharmaceuticals R&D Expenditure (1999 to 2006)
    • 7. Percentage of Pharmaceuticals R&D Expenditure (1999 to 2006)