Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs)

Table of Contents

I. INTRODUCTION, METHODOLOGY & PRODUCT DEFINITIONS

• Study Reliability and Reporting Limitations
• Disclaimers
• Data Interpretation & Reporting Level
• Quantitative Techniques & Analytics
• Product Definitions and Scope of Study

II. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1. Industry Overview

• A Prelude to the Changing Energy Industry
• Whimsical Visions Of An All-Hydrogen Economy Drives Interest in Fuel Cells
• Favorable Conditions Required
• Fuel Cells: A Revolution in the Making
• In Time for Making the Right Kind of Impact
• Table 1: World Consumption of Electricity: Breakdown by Trillion Kilowatt Hours by Region for the Years 1997 & 2020 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
• Deregulation of the Energy Market
• The Promise of Deregulation
• The Present State of Deregulation
• To Regulate or Deregulate Is the Billion-Dollar Question...
• Despite Deregulation Price Continue to Rise: A Peek Into the Paradox
• The SOFC Technology Market: A Quick Primer
• A Curtain Raiser
• SOFCs to the Rescue
• What Makes SOFCs Such a Cherished Technology?
• What' s in the Material?
• Lanthanum Chromite: A Possible Material for Interconnects
• SOFCs: Then & Now...
• The Origin Of SOFCs
• SOFCs Journey Up The Technology Curve: A Review
• Present Levels of Commercialization
• The Focus of Current Research
• Technology Challenges to Reckon With...
• Fuel Cell Stacking: A Daunting Challenge
• What' s the Holy Grail of SOFC Developers?
• Single Chamber SOFC: A Tool for Increased Power Density
• Other Challenges
• The Role of the Government in Driving the Market' s Future
• Table 2: Worldwide Fuel Cell Research (2002): Government Spending in US$ Million in Select Geographic Regions - US, Japan, Canada, and UK (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
• SECA: Established to Chase the SOFC Dream
• Advantages Offered by the SECA Initiative
• Futuristics
• Conclusions

2. Market Dynamics

• Conventional Power Companies Vie for the SOFC Pie...
• SOFCs: The Newest Theme for Clean Energy
• Euphoric Predictions/Expectations Fail to Materialize...
• Tempered by Uncertainty, Team Effort Prevails
• SOFCs: A Technology Of Interest to the Developed Countries
• North America: A Forerunner in Global SOFC Commercialization
• All Hands On the Deck: Japan Takes On Board the Fuel Cell Concept
• Environmental Benefits Make SOFCs Irresistible
• SOFCs: Ideal for Distributed Power Generation
• PEMFC: A Major Threat
• The Automobile Sector Stands Up and Takes Notice

3. Fuel Cells: A Technology Freeze Frame

• Fuel Cells Enter the Lexicon of Modern Energy Generation
• Fuel Cell Technologies
• Technical Features
• Types of Fuel Cells & their Maximum Operating Temperatures
• Evolution of Fuel Cells...
• Present Market Scenario
• Growth Drivers
• Rising Concerns for Global Warming
• Depletion of Fossil Fuel Reserves
• Technical Hurdles
• Surface Area of Components: A Major Issue
• Miniaturization: A Major Challenge in Designing Portable Fuel Cells
• Costs: A Herculean Challenge
• Types of Fuel Cells
• Alkaline Fuel Cell (AFC)
• Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC)
• Solid Polymer or Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEM)
• Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC)
• Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC)
• Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC)
• Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC)
• Assumptions and Facts
• Structural & Operational Simplicity
• Fuel-Efficiency
• Hydrogen Economy
• Conclusions

4. SOFC Technology Overview

• Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC): A Definition
• Advantages
• Pollution Index
• Pitfalls
• High Manufacturing Costs
• High Operating Temperature
• A Working Model of a SOFC

1. Reduction of Oxygen into Negatively Charged

Oxygen Ions (O2-) at Cathode

2. Conduction Negatively Charged Oxygen Ions

Through Electrolyte

3. Oxidation of Hydrogen at Anode

• Architectural Dynamics
• Components of SOFCs
• Cathode
• Electrolyte
• Anode
• Interconnect
• SOFC Component Materials & Properties
• Yttria Stabilized Zirconia
• Nickel
• Strontium Doped Lanthanum Magnetite
• Lanthanum Chromite
• SOFCs: An Evolution Scan
• Types of SOFCs
• Classification by Design
• Planar SOFCs
• Electrolyte-Supported Planar SOFCs
• Electrode-Supported or Anode-Supported Planar SOFCs
• Drawbacks
• Need for Long-Lasting Seals
• High Costs
• Tubular SOFCs
• What' s More Popular - Planar or Tubular?
• Table 3: World SOFC Market: Percentage Breakdown of SOFC Developers Engaged in Researching Planar and Tubular Designs by Region/Country for the Year 2002 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
• Classification by Operating Temperatures
• High Temperature SOFCs
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
• Intermediate Temperature SOFC
• The Math of Reducing Operating Temperature
• Other Implications
• Research Focus
• Advantages of Reducing Operating Temperatures
• Disadvantages of Reducing Operating Temperatures
• Research Developments in Intermediate Temperature SOFCs
• Applications of SOFCs
• Stationary Power Applications
• Table 4: Fuel Cell Technologies for Stationary Applications: 2004-2005 (In %) (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
• Standalone Power Generator
• Transportation
• The PEMFC Edge
• Mobile Electronic Equipments/Portable Energy Applications
• Space & Military
• Table 5: US Market for Fuel Cells in Military Applications by Technology - PEMFC, Alkaline Fuel Cells, PAFC, MCFC, and SOFC: 2004 & 2008 (P) (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)

5. Research & Technology Effervescence

• NEDO Tests Demonstrate Over 50% Efficiency of SOFC system
• Acumentrics, NRCan Investigate Prospects of Using Ammonia in SOFCs
• New SOFC Technology from Japanese Scientists
• Researcher Devises SOFC with Additional Features
• US Scientists Design SOFC with Innovative Architectural Design...
• Hosokawa Micron Unveils SOFC with Reduced Operating Temperature...
• Scientists Develop Technology to Produce Nanostructured SOFCs...
• Delphi Corporation Develops Fuel-Flexible SOFC Power System
• Scientists invent new electrode material...
• Toto Enhances the Overall Efficiency of SOFCs...
• FCT and TOTO to Design an SOFC for Residential Use
• Single Chamber SOFC from American Researchers
• Scientists in Japan Invent New Electrolyte...
• US Scientist Redesigns SOFC to Recover Lost Fuel...
• US Scientists Unveil the Merits of a Thin Electrolyte
• ESL Introduce New Electrolyte Material
• New Electrode Material Enhance SOFC Efficiency
• Kainos Energy Develops New Manufacturing Technique
• NanoDynamics Develops Portable SOFC...
• NanoDynamics Introduces Unique Manufacturing Method...
• Delphi Develops Solid-Oxide Fuel Cells

6. Recent Industry Activity

• CFCL Inks Supply Agreement with CeramTec
• Rolls-Royce Fuel Cells Systems Acquires SOFCo-EFS Holdings
• Acumentrics Ships 5kW SOFC System to Hera Holdings
• Digital Sofcell LLC Restructured for Fund Raising Purpose...
• FCT Inks Supply Deal With Siemens...
• FuelCell Pockets DOE Contract...
• Versa Power Roped In To Develop High Capacity Coal-Based SOFC...
• Franklin Fuel Cells Bags Two US Patents
• Vaillant Teams Up With Webasto
• Delphi Corporation Unveils Fuel-Flexible SOFC
• NanoDynamics Approved US Patent
• CFCL Joins Forces With Precision Flow Technologies
• BTU International Inks Agreement With Boston University
• Siemens Collaborates With Meidensha
• FCT Ties Up With TOTO Ltd.
• Worldwide Energy Inks Licensing Pact With ORNL
• BTU International Ties Up With Rolls Royce
• AMI Collaborates With IFCI
• FCT Supplies SOFC System To BP Shipping
• Fuel Cell Technologies Receives CSA Certification
• Webasto and HC Starck Receives EC Approval
• Digital Sofcell, ShenLi and Goeta forms a Joint Venture
• Acumentrics and MTS Group Ink Contract
• GE Energy Pockets US DOE Deal...
• CFCL Delivers SOFC Unit
• Rolls Royce Strikes Deal with Singapore Firms...
• FCT Ties up with Natural Resources Canada (NRCan)
• Acumentrics Ships SOFC System
• GTI-Led Team Gains CERL Contract
• FuelCell Energy Unit Merges with Versa Power Systems...
• Acumentrics Corporation Floated Joint Venture With Sumitomo Corporation
• H.C. Starck Pockets InDEC Majority Share
• Ontario And Siemens Install SOFC Unit
• InDEC Bags Planet Capital Management
• Versa Power Systems Commercialize RT-SOFC
• Cummins Wins DOE Contract
• Norske Shell And Siemens Power Generation Install SOFC Unit In Norway

7. Focus on Select Global Players

• Acumentrics Corporation. (USA)
• Acumentrics Canada Ltd (Canada)
• Adaptive Materials, Inc. (USA)
• Adelan Ltd. (UK)
• Ceramic Fuel Cells Ltd. (Australia)
• Cummins Power Generation Inc (USA)
• Delphi Corporation (USA)
• GE Hybrid Power Generation Systems (USA)
• Global Thermoelectric, Inc. (Canada)
• Rolls-Royce Plc (UK)
• SOFCo-EFS Holdings LLC (USA)
• Siemens Power Generation, Inc (USA)
• Hexis AG (Germany)
• Ztek Corporation (USA)

8. Global Market Perspective

• Table 6: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) by Geographic Region - North America, Europe, Japan, and Rest of World Markets Independently Analyzed with Annual Revenues in US$ Million for the Years 2000 through 2010 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
• Table 7: World Long Term Projections for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) by Geographic Region - North America, Europe, Japan, and Rest of World Markets Independently Analyzed with Annual Revenues in US$ Million for the Years 2011 through 2015 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
• Table 8: World 10-Year Perspective for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Revenues for North America, Europe, Japan, and Rest of World Markets for Years 2003, 2008 & 2012 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)

III. MARKET

1. North America

• A. Market Analysis
  • Market in North America: A Quick Primer
  • Market Drivers In a Capsule
  • Market Inhibitors In a Capsule
  • SECA: A Unique Initiative
  • Stationary Power Application: The Largest End-Use Market
  • Table 9: Stationary SOFC Market in North America: Revenue Contribution by SOFC Power Units by Output for Years 2004, 2006 and 2009 (In %) (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
  • The Price Factor
  • Table 10: Stationary SOFC Market in North America: Average Price Per Kilowatt of Power Produced by Stationary SOFC Units for Years 2004, 2006 and 2009 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
  • A Peek Into Commercial Products & Products in the Pipeline
  • Key Market Trends
  • The Shadow of Competition Grows Longer
  • An Unstructured Retail Space
  • SOFC: Popular With Traditional Power Giants...
  • SOFC Benefits from the Power Hungry World Population...
  • Clampdown on Pollution Encourages Technological Shift...
  • Government Backing Speeds Up Commercialization Process...
  • Strong Economy Leads to Faster Penetration/Adaptation...
  • Sluggish Deregulation Process of Power Industry Affects SOFC Market
  • Competition from Allied Technologies
  • Competitive Landscape
  • Technology Developments
  • Strategic Developments
  • Key Players
• B. Market Analytics
  • Table 11: North American Recent Past, Current &Future Market Analysis for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) With Annual Revenues in US$ Million for the Years 2000 through 2010 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
  • Table 12: North American Long Term Projections for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) With Annual Revenues in US$ Million for the Years 2011 through 2015 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)

2. Europe

• A. Market Analysis
  • A Primer
  • Stationary SOFC Systems on the Upward Trajectory
  • Table 13: European SOFC Stationary Power Market: Percentage Revenue Breakdown of SOFC Systems by Power Output for the years 2004, 2006, 2008, and 2010 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
  • High Costs: A Major Issue
  • Conventional Power Market: Still Going Strong
  • Strategic Developments
  • Key Players
• B. Market Analytics
  • Table 14: European Recent Past, Current & Future Market Analysis for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) With Annual Revenues in US$ Million for the Years 2000 through 2010 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
  • Table 15: European Long Term Projections for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) With Annual Revenues in US$ Million for the Years 2011 through 2015 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)

3. Japan

• A. Market Analysis
  • A Primer
  • History of Fuel Cell Innovation in Japan
  • Kyoto Protocol Offers a Business Case for Fuel Cells
  • Kyushu - Japan' s Fuel Cell Center...
• Japan Lures Foreign Investments...
  • SOFC Market Drivers in Japan
  • Technology Developments
  • Strategic Development
• B. Market Analytics
  • Table 16: Japanese Recent Past, Current & Future Market Analysis for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) With Annual Revenues in US$ Million for the Years 2000 through 2010 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
  • Table 17: Japanese Long Term Projections for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) With Annual Revenues in US$ Million for the Years 2011 through 2015 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)

4. Rest of World

• A. Market Analysis
  • A Primer
  • Strategic Developments
  • Key Players
• B. Market Analytics
  • Table 18: Rest of World Recent Past, Current & Future Market Analysis for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) With Annual Revenues in US$ Million for the Years 2000 through 2010 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
  • Table 19: Rest of World Long Term Projections for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) With Annual Revenues in US$ Million for the Years 2011 through 2015 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)