Positioning Systems in Public Safety: Assessment of Technologies and Markets for Mobile Emergency Positioning

Table of Contents

1.0 Introduction 11

• 1.1 Scope and Goals 11
• 1.2 Research Methodology 12
• 1.3 Target Audience 12

PART I 14

2.0 Localization of Cellular Caller 14

• 2.1 Beginning 14
• 2.2 Needs 14
• 2.3 Actions: E911/E112 15
• 2.4 Standards 17
  • 2.4.1 Organizations 18
    • 2.4.1.1 LOC and Location Interoperability Forum (LIF) 18
    • 2.4.1.2 Open Geospatial Consortium 20
  • 2.4.2 Process 21
  • 2.4.3 Protocols 22
    • 2.4.3.1 MPP 22
    • 2.4.3.2 SLoP 22
    • 2.4.3.3 Open GIS Specification 22
    • 2.4.3.4 Mobile Location Protocol 23
    • 2.4.3.5 TIA 23
    • 2.4.3.6 NENA 23

3.0 Technologies 26

• 3.1 E911 PLS Network Requirements 26
  • 3.1.1 Two Approaches 26
  • 3.1.2 Requirements 27
• 3.2 Methods 29
  • 3.2.1 Network-Based 29
    • 3.2.1.1 AOA (Angle of Arrival) 29
    • 3.2.1.2 Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) 31
      • 3.2.1.2.1 U-TDOA (Uplink Time Difference of Arrival) 31
    • 3.2.1.3 TOA (Time of Arrival) 33
    • 3.2.1.4 E-OTD (Enhanced Observed Time Difference) 33
    • 3.2.1.5 A-FLT (Advanced Forward Link Trilateration) 33
    • 3.2.1.6 E-CID (Enhanced Cell Identification) 33
    • 3.2.1.7 Location Pattern Matching (LPM) 34
  • 3.2.2 Local 36
    • 3.2.2.1 GPS (Global Position System) 36
    • 3.2.2.2 A-GPS (Assisted Global Position System) 36
  • 3.2.3 Hybrid Location Systems 38
    • 3.2.3.1 Commercial Success: gpsOne Hybrid Overview 39
• 3.3 E911 AND INTERNET 40
• 3.4 Parameters 42
• 3.5 Comparison 44
• 3.6 E911 Call Processing 45

4.0 Issues 48

• 4.1 PSAP Activity 48
• 4.2 Economics and Technologies: Challenges 48

5.0 Europe E112 and Other 50

6.0 Market 53

• 6.1 General: PLS Drivers 53
  • 6.1.1 U.S. and Europe: Differences 53
• 6.2 E911 Market Forecast 55
  • 6.2.1 Model Assumptions 55
  • 6.2.2 Estimates 55
    • 6.2.2.1 Services 55
    • 6.2.2.2 Equipment 58
  • 6.2.3 Sensitivity Analysis 59

7.0 Providers 61

8.0 Equipment Vendors 66

• Andrew 66
• CPS (Cambridge Position Systems) 68
• Cell-Loc 70
• CellPoint 71
• CompassCom 71
• Ericsson 73
• GlobalLocate 73
• Lucent 74
• OpenCell 75
• Polaris Wireless 76
• Qualcomm 77
• SignalSoft (OpenWave) 78
• SIRF 79
• SnapTrack (Acquired by Qualcomm) 80
• TechnoCom 81
• Tendler Cellular 81
• Uticom 83
• Part II 85
• Ultra Wideband Technology -- Reliable Assistant for First Responders 85

9.0 First Responders Localization Specifics 85

10.0 UWB General 86

• 10.1 Brief Description 86

11.0 UWB: Technology Specifics 88

• 11.1 General 88
• 11.2 Definition 89
• 11.3 Rates 90
• 11.4 Spectrum Allocation 90
  • 11.4.1 Choices 90
• 11.5 Major Features 92
  • 11.5.1 Communications Features 95
  • 11.5.2 Positioning Characteristics 96
    • 11.5.2.1 Sensor Networks 96
• 11.6 Standards and Regulations 97
  • 11.6.1 Multiband OFDM 97
  • 11.6.2 DS-UWB 98
  • 11.6.3 Standards Bodies 99
    • 11.6.3.1 Groups 100
    • 11.6.3.2 Forces 100
  • 11.6.4 FCC and ETSI 100
  • 11.6.5 ECMA International 102
  • 11.6.6 ITU and International 103
  • 11.6.7 Intel Efforts 103

12.0 Applications 105

• 12.1 General 105
• 12.2 Home Security 106
• 12.3 Phones 106
• 12.4 RFID 106
• 12.5 Communications and Imaging 107
  • 12.5.1 WPAN 108
  • 12.5.2 Imaging systems 108
  • 12.5.3 Sensor Networks 109
  • 12.5.4 Vehicular Radar Systems 109
  • 12.5.5 Ranging 109
• 12.6 Summary 111

13.0 Issues 114

15.0 Industry 118

• Aether (localization devices) 118
• Alereon (chipsets) 119
• Artimi (chipsets) 119
• BBN (radio, first responders) 120
• Camero (radar, equipment for first responders) 121
• decaWave (chipsets) 122
• Focus Enhancement (chipsets) 122
• Freescale (chipsets, systems) 123
• General Atomics (chipsets) 124
• Multispectral (RFID and others) 125
• Parco (RFID) 126
• Pulse~ Link (chipsets) 127
• Staccato (chipsets) 129
• TriQuint (chipsets -- homeland security applications) 130
• Time Domain (chipsets-fusion of communications & radar) 130
• Tzero (chipsets) 134
• Ubisense (RFID-tracking) 134
• Wisair (chipsets) 136
• WiQuest (chipsets) 137
• 16.0 Conclusions 139
• Glossary 142
• 911 Telephone Terminology 148
• References 151

List of Figures

• Figure 1: Categories 27
• Figure 2: AOA Illustration 30
• Figure 3: U-TDOA Illustration 32
• Figure 4: LPM Method 35
• Figure 5: A-GPS Illustration 38
• Figure 6: E911 Call Processing 46
• Figure 7: Worldwide LBS (Location-Based Services) Revenue Estimate ($B) 56
• Figure 8: LBS Components Proportion (2005 view) 56
• Figure 9: E911/E912 Services Revenue Estimate ($B) 57
• Figure 10: 2004 View: E911 Revenue vs. E112 and others 57
• Figure 11: E911 Equipment - Purchase Power 58
• Figure 12: Market Estimate E911/E112 Equipment (Handset-based Methods, $B) 59
• Figure 13: E911/E112 Market Estimate: Equipment, Network-based Methods (B) 59
• Figure 14: UWB Spectrum 91
• Figure 15: Market Estimate: UWB Circuitry ($B) 115
• Figure 16: Market Estimate: Multiband OFDM UWB Circuitry ($B) 116
• Figure 17: Market Estimate: DS UWB Circuitry ($B) 116
• Figure 18: Estimate of UWB Market -- Communications Applications ($B) 117