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[Report]

The Future of Cogeneration in Europe: Growth Opportunities and Key Drivers of Success

Published: 2007/04

Contact 24 hrs/day
Description

Table of Contents

Executive Summary

  • Introduction to cogeneration
  • Technology overview
  • Economics of cogeneration
  • Regulatory framework
  • Market structure and growth potential
  • Conclusions

Chapter 1 Introduction to cogeneration

  • Summary
  • Introduction
  • Report structure

Chapter 2 Technology overview

  • Summary
  • Introduction
  • Established technologies
  • Steam turbine
    • Technical description
    • Applications
  • Gas turbine
    • Technical description
    • Application
  • CCGT
    • Technical description
    • Application
  • Microturbine
    • Technical description
    • Applications
  • Reciprocating engine
    • Technical description
    • Applications
  • Alternative technologies
  • Fuel cell
    • Technical description
    • Applications
  • Stirling engine
    • Technical description
    • Applications
  • Inverse gas turbine
    • Technical description
    • Applications
  • Hot air turbine
    • Technical description
    • Applications
  • Steam engine
    • Technical description
    • Applications
  • ORC engine
    • Technical description
    • Applications
  • Kalina engine
    • Technical description
    • Applications
  • Comparative overview of the main technologies
  • Technical overview
  • Cost overview
    • Technology costs
    • Fuel costs
  • Overview of applications

Chapter 3 Economics of cogeneration

  • Summary
  • Introduction
  • General framework
  • Net present value
  • Risk factors
  • Non-utility vs. utility cogenerators
  • CHP vs. utility supply
  • Revenues and cost savings
  • Costs
  • Summary of free cash flow from CHP
  • CHP vs. stand-alone generation
  • Direct fuel cost savings
    • Fuel efficiency
    • Achievable price of power
    • Fuel spread
  • Transmission and distribution savings
  • Externalities
    • Greenhouse gas reductions
    • Other social benefits
  • The problem of scale
  • The need for support

Chapter 4 Regulatory framework

  • Summary
  • Introduction
  • EU Cogeneration Directive
  • Guarantees of Origin
  • Quantification methodology
    • Volume of electricity from cogeneration
    • Efficiency of cogeneration
    • Reference values
  • Implementation mechanisms
  • “Green tax” relief: UK case example
  • Feed-in tariffs and price support: Portugal case example
  • CHP obligations: Flanders case example
  • Investment incentives
  • Other support mechanisms
    • Competitive tenders
    • Direct targets
    • Network assistance
  • Summary of support mechanisms within member states
    • Support schemes outside of the EU
  • Kyoto mechanisms

Chapter 5 Market structure and growth potential

  • Summary
  • Introduction
  • Industry organization
  • Not a “proper” market
  • Demand-side organization
  • Supply-side organization
    • Stand-alone plants
    • Third-party intermediaries
    • In-sourced solutions
  • Current state of the market
  • European overview
  • Selected market profiles
    • Germany
    • Italy
    • Denmark
    • The Netherlands
    • UK
    • Turkey
    • Russia
  • Future levels of support
  • Priority growth areas
  • The case for micro-CHP
    • Benefits and incentives
    • Technology requirements and operating regime
    • Potential obstacles
    • Addressable market
  • The trouble with biomass
    • Benefits and drawbacks
    • Likely growth areas
  • Barriers to growth
  • Difficult underlying economics
  • Uneasy relationship with utilities
  • Planning and permitting burden
  • Support schemes interfering with market mechanisms

Chapter 6 Conclusions

  • Summary
  • Introduction
  • “Philosophy” of CHP policy
  • Top-down vs. bottom-up
  • Focus of support
  • Stable policy framework
  • Unfinished business
  • Certification and direct support
  • A “level playing field”?

Chapter 7 Appendix 126

  • Reference values
  • Index
  • Selected bibliography

List of Figures

  • Figure 2.1: Principal schematics of a steam turbine CHP plant
  • Figure 2.2: Principal schematics of a gas turbine CHP plant
  • Figure 2.3: Principal schematics of a CCGT turbine CHP plant
  • Figure 2.4: Principal schematics of a microturbine CHP plant
  • Figure 2.5: Principal schematics of a reciprocating engine CHP plant
  • Figure 2.6: Principal schematics of a fuel cell CHP plant
  • Figure 2.7: Principal schematics of a Stirling engine CHP plant
  • Figure 2.8: Principal schematics of an inverse gas turbine CHP plant
  • Figure 2.9: Principal schematics of a hot air turbine CHP plant
  • Figure 2.10: Principal schematics of a steam engine CHP plant
  • Figure 2.11: Principal schematics of an ORC engine CHP plant
  • Figure 2.12: Principal schematics of a Kalina engine CHP plant
  • Figure 2.13: Output characteristics of the main cogeneration technologies
  • Figure 3.14: Relative economics of CHP vs. utility supply
  • Figure 3.15: Capital Cost Requirements to Meet 20 Year Projected Electricity Demand in Brazil and China, 2005-25
  • Figure 4.16: Cumulative emissions reductions from CDM-registered cogeneration projects, Sept 2005 - Sept 06
  • Figure 5.17: Leading European CHP markets, 2003
  • Figure 5.18: Drivers and inhibitors of support for CHP

List of Tables

  • Table 2.1: Output characteristics of the main cogeneration technologies
  • Table 2.2: Cost characteristics of the main cogeneration technologies
  • Table 2.3: Fuel utilization of main cogeneration technologies
  • Table 2.4: Typical (or optimal) applications of main cogeneration technologies
  • Table 3.5: Efficiency gain of CHP over separate power and heat generation
  • Table 4.6: Support mechanisms for CHP within EU-15
  • Table 5.7: CHP electricity in the EU and neighboring states, 2003
  • Table 7.8: EC Cogeneration Directive efficiency reference values for separate production of electricity, December 2006
  • Table 7.9: EC Cogeneration Directive efficiency reference values for separate production of heat, December 2006
Description

[Report]
The Future of Cogeneration in Europe: Growth Opportunities and Key Drivers of Success
Published: 2007/04
Published by : Business Insights Business Insights

Price:
US $ 1,910.00 PDF by E-mail (Single User License)
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Product Code : RB51665
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