The Economics of Activated Carbon

Contents

2. Properties and specifications of activated carbon

• Properties
  • Adsorption
  • Other physical properties
  • Impurities
  • Packaging
• Specifications

3. Processing of activated carbon

• Raw materials
  • Coal-based
  • Wood-based & Coconut shell-based activated carbon
• Potential raw materials
• Processing of activated carbon
  • Steam & chemical activation
  • Impregnated & catalytic activated carbon
  • Activated carbon fibre
• Forms of activated carbon
  • Powdered
  • Granular & Pelletised (extruded) activated carbon
  • Activated carbon fibre
• Regeneration of activated carbon
  • Properties

4. World production of activated carbon

• Production capacity
• Production
• Leading producers
• Regeneration capacity
• Future trends in production

5. Review of leading producers

• Australia
  • Australian Technology Securities
  • Char International Pty Ltd.
  • The Environmental Group Ltd. (EGL)
  • Pacific Edge Holdings
  • Pica Activated Carbon Australia
  • Western Power
• Austria
• Belgium
  • Chemviron Carbon
• Brazil
• Bulgaria
• China
  • Bengbu Ocean Activated Carbon Plant
  • Datong Huibao Activated Carbon Co.
  • Datong Sanxing Liyuan Activated Carbon Plant
  • Datong Tianzhao Activated Carbon Co. Ltd.
  • Datong Weidu Activated Carbon Plant
  • Fujian Snowblack Activated Carbon Co. Ltd.
  • HeNan Huaxian Activated Carbon Plant
  • Jianyang No. 2 Chemical Plant
  • Jilin Activated Carbon Plant
  • Mindong Lianyi Group
  • Ningxia Fengyuan Activated Carbon Co.
  • NingXiang Tian Fu Activated Carbon Inc.
  • Noromo-HJCC
  • Shaanxi New Times (Group) Co.
  • Shanghai Activated Carbon Co. Ltd.
  • Shanxi Xinhua Chemical Plant
  • Shanxi Xuanzhong Chemical Industry Co. Ltd.
  • Zhuxi Activated Carbon Co. Ltd.
• France
  • Ceca SA
  • Pica SA
• Germany
  • Aktivkohle und Umweltschultz Technik (AUG)
  • Chemviron Carbon GmbH
  • Donau Carbon GmbH &
  • Co. KG
  • German Carbon Teterow
• India
• Indonesia
• Italy
  • Kemira Chimica SpA
  • Norit Italia SpA
• Japan
  • Calgon Carbon Far East Co. Ltd.
  • Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.
  • Futamura Chemical Industry Co.
  • Hokoetsu Carbon Industry Co. Ltd.
  • Hokutan Chemical Industries Co. Ltd.
  • Kuraray Chemical Co. Ltd.
  • Kureha Chemical Industry Co. Ltd.
  • Mitsubishi Chemical Corp.
  • Norit Japan Co. Ltd.
  • Pacific Metals
  • Taihei Chemical Industry Co.
  • Takeda Chemical Industries Ltd.
  • Tsurumicoal Co. Ltd.
• South Korea
  • Cheil Activated Carbon Industrial Co. Ltd.
• Malaysia
  • Century Chemical Works Sdn Bhd
  • KD Technology Sdn Bhd
  • Laju Carbon Products Sdn Bhd
  • Pacific Activated Carbon Sdn Bhd
• Mexico
  • Clarimex SA de CV
  • Nobrac Mexicana SA de CV
  • Polifos SA
• Netherlands
  • Norit NV
• Papua New Guinea
• Philippines
  • Activated Carbon Co.
  • Cenapro Chemical Co.
  • Davao Central Chemical Corp. (DCCC)
  • Mapecon Philippines Inc.
  • Pacific Activated Carbon
  • Philippine Activated Carbon Co.
  • Philippine-Japan Activated Carbon Corp. (PJAC)
  • Premium AC Corp.
• Poland
• Russia
  • JSC Sorbent
  • JSC Zarya
  • JSC Karbokhim
  • JSC Elektrostal Chemical-Mechanical Plant
  • Amzinsky Sawmill
  • PFK Karbon Ltd.
  • Angarsk Petrochemical Co.
  • Antaliks Ltd.
  • JSC Finprom
  • JSC Gorkinsky Chemical Plant
  • Leninsk-Kuznetsk Semi-Coke Plant; Sri Lanka
  • CPL Carbon Link
  • Haycarb Ltd.;J.B. Carbon Activators
  • Mendis Carbon Pvt Ltd.
  • Prime Carbons Lanka (Pvt) Ltd.
  • Tajit & Co. (Pvt) Ltd.
• Sweden
  • Jacobi Carbons AB
• Taiwan
  • China Activated Carbon Industries Ltd.
  • Taipei Chemical Industry Co. Ltd.
  • Taiwan Active Carbon Industry Co. Ltd.
  • Taiwan Carbon Technology Co. Ltd.
  • Titan Technologies Inc.
• Thailand
• UK
  • Charcoal Cloth International
  • Norit UK Ltd.
  • Tate & Lyle Process Technology
  • Waterlink Sutcliffe Carbons
  • Chemviron Carbon Ltd.
  • CPL Carbon Link
  • Grafham Carbons Ltd.
  • Purton Carbons Ltd.
  • Eurocarb Products Ltd.
• Ukraine
• USA
  • Anticarb
  • Asbury Graphite Mills Inc.
  • Calgon Carbon Corp.
  • Ekos Materials Corp.
  • Mead/Westvaco Corp.
  • Norit America Inc.
  • Pica USA Inc
  • Waterlink Barnebey Sutcliffe Corp

6. World consumption

• Future trends in consumption

7. Liquid-phase uses for activated carbon

• Water treatment
  • Drinking water (Use of activated carbon emerging competing technologies and applications for activated carbon in drinking water treatment)
  • Industrial wastewater (Use Applications)
  • Groundwater (Use Applications)
  • Domestic water filters
  • Process water
  • High-purity water
  • Swimming pool water
  • Aquariums
  • Types of activated carbon
  • Regeneration of activated carbon
  • Demand for activated carbon & outlook for activated carbon in water treatment
  • Food and beverages
  • Sugar and sweeteners (Specifications for activated carbon used in decolourising, Cane sugar, Sweeteners, Soft drinks and fruit juices)
  • Vegetable oils
  • Alcoholic beverages (Wine, Beer)
  • Glycerol
  • Food additives
  • Decaffeination
  • Process water
• Metallurgy
  • Gold recovery (Carbon-in-pulp (CIP)
  • Carbon-in-leach (CIL)
  • Carbon-in-column (CIC)
  • Carbon-in-chlorine (CICL)
  • Gold recovery from activated carbon
  • Regeneration
  • Specifications
  • Consumption & Trends in demand for activated carbon in gold recover)
  • Silver recovery
  • Metallurgical flotation
  • Mineral processing
• Chemicals & pharmaceuticals
  • Specifications for activated carbon used in chemicals and pharmaceuticals production
  • Chemicals
  • Pharmaceuticals

8. Gas-phase uses for activated carbon

• Process gas purification
  • Dioxin removal
  • Flue gas purification (Incinerator gas, Powder plants, Trends in demand for activated carbon in flue gas desulphurisation)
  • Mercury removal (Gas streams, Coal-fired power plants, Waste-to-energy plants)
  • Claus tail gas treatment
  • Amine sweetening
  • Sulfacid
  • Catacarb & Benfield processes
  • CFC adsorption
  • Methanol removal
• Air purification
  • Hydrogen sulphide removal
  • Gasoline vapour adsorption (Distribution. Refuelling, Evaporative emissions, Trends in demand for activated carbon in automobile emission control)
  • VOC emission control (Activated carbon adsorption systems, Specifications for activated carbon used in VOC removal, Trends in demand in VOC emission control)
  • Indoor air purification
  • Personnel protection
  • Nuclear uses
  • Cigarette filters
  • Ozone removal
  • Jewellery protection
  • Cat litter
  • Microchip production;Microwave protection
  • Laboratory use
• Solvent recovery
  • Activated carbon adsorption systems
  • Use of activated carbon in solvent recovery
• Catalysts
  • Activated carbon in catalyst & as a catalyst carrier (Merox process, Fiber-Film technology)
  • Use in catalyst applications
• Industrial gas production
• Ultra-capacitors
• Fuel cells

9. International trade

• Exports of activated carbon
• Imports of activated carbon

10. Price trends for activated carbon

List of tables

1-12

• US mesh sizes
• Impurities
• Specifications for powdered, granular, pelletised
• Reactivated carbon & KoTHmex activated carbon fabric
• Fixed carbon content of raw materials
• Coal processed in China;
• Comparison of inorganic elements in typical unwashed and acid-washed activated carbons
• Contaminants removed by impregnated activated carbon
• Properties of reactivated carbons by U.S. Filter/Westates

13-18

• World
• Estimated production capacity
• Recent changes
• Japan, Russia & the USA
• Production;
• World
• Leading producers
• Regeneration capacity
• Potential increases

19-34

• China
• Specifications for unprocessed coal
• Coal-based activated carbons
• Producers
• Powdered & granular activated carbon
• Production capacity by type
• Production
• Consumption by end-use, 2001;
• Exports by country of destination
• Traders

35-41

• Ceca SA
• Production capacity by grade
• Exports by area of destination
• Production capacity & sales worldwide by plant

42-43

• India
• Producers
• Active Carbon India
• Specifications

44-45

• Indo German Carbons
• Production
• End-uses

46

• Western Chemical Corp
• Specifications for activated carbon

47-49

• Japan
• Production & shipments, FY1990- FY2002
• Estimated capacity by producer & regeneration capacity

50-51

• Takeda Chemical Industries
• Production
• grades

52

• Malaysia
• Producers of activated carbon

53-57

• Norit NV
• Estimated production capacity by plant
• Net sales
• By area of destination
• End-use, Estimated exports

58-59

• Philippines
• Estimated production capacity by producer, 2002
• Philippine-Japan Activated Carbon
• Specifications

60-63

• Russia
• Production of wood charcoal of activated carbon by producer
• JSC Karbokhim
• Specifications
• Trade

64-70

• Sri Lanka
• Estimated production capacity 2002
• Exports

71

• Jacobi Carbons AB
• Grades of activated carbon produced

72-74

• Taiwan Carbon Technology
• Fabric
• Felt
• Paper

75-78

• UK
• Estimated production capacity
• Waterlink Sutcliffe Carbons
• Grades
• CPL Carbon Link
• Sales of regenerated activated carbon
• Eurocarb Products
• Grades supplied

79-89

• USA
• Production capacity,Asbury Graphite Mills
• Capacity Grades produced
• Mead/Westvaco
• Grades of Nuchar®

90

• World
• Estimated consumption by consuming country, 2002

91-92

• Japan & the USA
• Consumption
• USA
• By end-use

93

• India
• Consumption of activated carbon by end-use, 2001

94

• Russia
• Apparent consumption by end-use, 2001

95-103

• Water
• Liquid-phase uses
• Contaminants reduced to EPA National Drinking Water Standards
• Treatment
• Municipal drinking water plants utilising activated carbon adsorption
• Calgon Carbon's activated carbon system
• 207-MTBE granular activated carbon
• Filtration units produced by CPL/FWS

104-111

• Granular & aquaclair powdered activated carbon
• Silver-impregnated granular activated carbon;Regenerated activated carbon
• Adsorption vessels
• USA
• Consumption in water treatment
• World
• By end-use & area
• Demand forspeciality water treatment chemical products

112-123

• Food and beverage sector
• Grades for decolourising applications
• Sugar & fruit juice
• Coal-based powdered activated carbon
• Production of vegetable oils
• Producers of soybean oil & palm oil
• The brewing industry
• Powdered activated carb in the wine industry
• Producers of wine & beer

124-145

• Operating parameters of the AAA Pump Cell
• Gold extraction from return dam solutions
• Gold & silver recovery
• CIP/CIL technology
• Chemicals & pharmaceuticals processing
• Gas-phase uses & purification
• FGD processes
• Mercury removal
• Benfield process
• Air purification
• Hydrogen sulphide removal
• Methods to reduce emissions from petroleum chain

146

• World
• Vehicle production by country, 2000

147-154

• Methods for treating VOC-laden air
• Filter/Westates
• USA
• VOC emissions from industrial processes
• Nuclear-grade activated carbons
• Solvent adsorption
• Specifications

155-158

• Merox catalysts & units
• Typical costs for a 10,000 bpsd capacity unit
• Merox units planned or under construction

159-164

• World
• Leading exporters & importers
• Exports recorded
• Imports by leading importing countries
• Average values of imports into Japan, USA, Netherlands and Germany, by country of origin & exports from China, USA & Philippines