The Economics of Magnesium Metal, 9th edition.

1. Summary 1

• 1.1 Introduction 1
• 1.2 Consumption 1
• 1.3 Production 3
• 1.4 Supply/demand 4
• 1.5 Outlook 4

2. Occurrence and properties of magnesium 6

3. Processes for producing magnesium metal 8

• 3.1 Magnesium bearing feeedstocks 8
• 3.2 Electrolytic methods 9
• 3.2.1 Alcan diaphragmless cell 9
• 3.2.2 AM process 10
• 3.2.3 Amax brine process 11
• 3.2.4 CECRI multipolar cell 12
• 3.2.5 Dow process 12
• 3.2.6 Hydro Magnesium 13
• 3.2.7 IG Farben process 15
• 3.2.8 MPLC process (Magcan process) 15
• 3.2.9 Production processes in the former Soviet Union 16
• 3.3 Thermal reduction methods 17
• 3.3.1 Pidgeon process 18
• 3.3.2 Carbothermic process 18
• 3.3.3 Magn?therm process 18
• 3.3.4 MAGRAM process 20
• 3.3.5 Mintek Thermal Magnesium process (MTM) 20
• 3.4 Handling molten magnesium 20
• 3.5 Process economics 21
• 3.5.1 Production costs 22
• 3.6 Recycling magnesium 24

4. Production of magnesium metal 25

• 4.1 World production of primary magnesium metal 25
• 4.1.1 Primary magnesium production capacity 27
• 4.2 World production of secondary magnesium 29
• 4.2.1 Secondary magnesium production capacity 33

5. Production of magnesium metal and products by country and company 34

• 5.1 Argentina 34
• 5.1.1 Producers of magnesium products in Argentina 34
• 5.2 Australia 34
• 5.2.1 Producers of secondary magnesium in Australia 34
• 5.2.2 Magnesium projects in Australia 34
• 5.2.2.1 Australian Magnesium Corporation Limited (AMC) 35
• 5.2.2.2 Indcor Limited 37
• 5.2.2.3 Latrobe Magnesium 38
• 5.2.2.4 Magnesium International Limited (MIL) 39
• 5.2.2.5 New World Alloys Limited 41
• 5.2.2.6 Pacific Magnesium Corporation Limited 42
• 5.2.3 Producers of magnesium products in Australia 42
• 5.3 Austria 42
• 5.3.1 Production of secondary magnesium in Austria 42
• 5.3.2 Producers of magnesium products in Austria 43
• 5.3.2.1 Georg Fischer 43
• 5.3.2.2 Non ferrum Metallpulver Gesellschaft 43
• 5.3.2.3 TCG Unitech Aktiengesellschaft 43
• 5.4 Belgium 44
• 5.4.1 Ownership of primary magnesium capacity in other countries 44
• 5.4.1.1 Hydro Magnesium 44
• 5.4.1.2 Specialty Metals Company 45
• 5.4.2 Producers of magnesium products in Belgium 46
• 5.5 Brazil 46
• 5.5.1 Producers of primary magnesium in Brazil 46
• 5.5.2 Producers of secondary magnesium in Brazil 47
• 5.5.3 Producers of magnesium products in Brazil 47
• 5.6 Canada 47
• 5.6.1 Producers of primary magnesium metal in Canada 49
• 5.6.1.1 Norsk Hydro Canada Incorporated 49
• 5.6.1.2 Timminco Limited 49
• 5.6.2 Former producers of primary magnesium in Canada 50
• 5.6.3 Primary magnesium projects in Canada 50
• 5.6.3.1 Gossan Resources 50
• 5.6.3.2 Leader Mining 51
• 5.6.4 Producers of secondary magnesium in Canada 52
• 5.6.5 Producers of magnesium products in Canada 52
• 5.6.5.1 Magellan Aerospace Corporation 53
• 5.6.5.2 Meridian Technologies Incorporated 53
• 5.6.5.3 Simalex Custom Pressure Diecasting 54
• 5.6.5.4 Soci?t? de D?velopement du Magn?sium (SDM) 54
• 5.6.5.5 Thixotech Incorporated 54
• 5.6.5.6 Trimag 55
• 5.6.6 Exports of magnesium from Canada 55
• 5.7 China 56
• 5.7.1 Producers of primary magnesium in China 58
• 5.7.1.1 Anhui Dolomite Mine 60
• 5.7.1.2 Baotou City Xinjing Magnesium Industry Company 60
• 5.7.1.3 Chaoyang Rich Magnesium Company Limited 60
• 5.7.1.4 Fuda Magnesium Plant 60
• 5.7.1.5 Guizhou Mercury Mine 60
• 5.7.1.6 Hebi Jianghai Smelting Company Limited 60
• 5.7.1.7 Henan Huaqi Magnesium Industry Company Limited 61
• 5.7.1.8 Henan Longma Group Company Limited 61
• 5.7.1.9 Hunnan Magnesium Works 61
• 5.7.1.10 Jiaozuo Yellow River Magnesium Alloy Company Limited 61
• 5.7.1.11 Jilin Linjiang Dahu Magnesium plant 62
• 5.7.1.12 Jilin Linjiang Magnesium 62
• 5.7.1.13 Jilin North Industrial Silicon Corporation 62
• 5.7.1.14 Jungar Banner Sanwei Magnesium Industry Company 62
• 5.7.1.15 Liaoning Fushun Aluminium Works 62
• 5.7.1.16 Minhe Magnesium Factory (MHM) 63
• 5.7.1.17 Ningxia Huayuan Magnesium Corporation 63
• 5.7.1.18 Ningxia Huiye Magnesium Company Limited 64
• 5.7.1.19 Ningxia Shizuishan Ferroalloy Works 64
• 5.7.1.20 Ningxia United Magnesium 64
• 5.7.1.21 Ningxia Zhongning Aluminium 64
• 5.7.1.22 North Jungar Banner Magnesium Industry Company 65
• 5.7.1.23 Shanxi Chinjin Coke and Metals Corporation Limited 65
• 5.7.1.24 Shanxi Datong Zhongjin Magnesium Industry Company Limited 65
• 5.7.1.25 Shanxi Guangling Jinghua Corporation 65
• 5.7.1.26 Shanxi Jishan Huayu (Enterprise) Group Limited 66
• 5.7.1.27 Shanxi Qizhen Magnesium Corporation 66
• 5.7.1.28 Shanxi Reicheng Hengfa Corporation 67
• 5.7.1.29 Shanxi Tongbao Magnesium Company 67
• 5.7.1.30 Shanxi Wenxi Baiyu Magnesium Industry Corporation Limited 67
• 5.7.1.31 Shanxi Wenxi Hongfu Magnesium Company Limited 67
• 5.7.1.32 Shanxi Wenxi Xindi Magnesium Industry Corporation Limited 68
• 5.7.1.33 Shanxi Wenxi Yinguang Magnesium Group Company Limited 68
• 5.7.1.34 Shanxi Yangquan Metallic Magnesium Works 68
• 5.7.1.35 Shanxi Zhongjin Corporation 68
• 5.7.1.36 Winca Magnesium (Hebi) Company Limited 68
• 5.7.1.37 Xi County Yuxing Hongfu Magnesium Company Limited 69
• 5.7.1.38 Yunnan Gejiu Gexin Mine 69
• 5.7.1.39 Zunyi Titanium Company Limited 70
• 5.7.2 Producers of secondary magnesium in China 70
• 5.7.2.1 Chongqing Magnesium Science and Technology 70
• 5.7.3 Producers of magnesium alloy and products in China 70
• 5.7.3.1 Beijing Xinlihua Magnesium Powder Company Limited 72
• 5.7.3.2 China First Automobile Works Group (FAW) 72
• 5.7.3.3 Dongfeng Automobile Company 73
• 5.7.3.4 Hangzhou Fuchun Magnesium Alloy Article Manufacturing
• Company Limited 73
• 5.7.3.5 Henan Jinghua Magnesium Industry Company 73
• 5.7.3.6 Hydro Magnesium Xian 73
• 5.7.3.7 Jaco Metal Limited 74
• 5.7.3.8 Nanjing Yubu Magnesium Industry Corporation Limited 74
• 5.7.3.9 Nanyang Greatwall Enterprises 74
• 5.7.3.10 Qingdao Jingu Magtech 74
• 5.7.3.11 Shanghai Meridian Magnesium Products (SMMP) 75
• 5.7.3.12 Sino-Minemet International Company 75
• 5.7.3.13 Taiyuan Magnesium Plant 75
• 5.7.4 Magnesium alloy projects in China 75
• 5.7.5 Exports of magnesium from China 75
• 5.8 Republic of Congo 78
• 5.8.1 Primary magnesium projects in the Republic of Congo 79
• 5.9 Czech Republic 80
• 5.9.1 Producers of secondary magnesium in the Czech Republic 80
• 5.10 Finland 80
• 5.10.1 Producers of magnesium products in Finland 80
• 5.11 France 81
• 5.11.1 Former producers of primary magnesium in France 81
• 5.11.2 Producers of magnesium products in France 81
• 5.12 Germany 82
• 5.12.1 Producers of secondary magnesium in Germany 82
• 5.12.2 Future producers of secondary magnesium in Germany 82
• 5.12.3 Producers of magnesium products in Germany 82
• 5.12.3.1 Almamet GmbH 82
• 5.12.3.2 Dynacast Deutschland GmbH and Company KG 83
• 5.12.3.3 ECKA Granulate GmbH 83
• 5.12.3.4 Hoesch Metallurgie GmbH 83
• 5.12.3.5 Lauk?tter Gusstechnik GmbH 83
• 5.12.3.6 Otto Fuchs Metallwerke 83
• 5.12.3.7 Pierburg AG 84
• 5.12.4 Imports of magnesium into Germany 84
• 5.13 India 86
• 5.13.1 Producers of magnesium products in India 86
• 5.14 Israel 87
• 5.14.1 Producers of primary magnesium in Israel 87
• 5.14.2 Producers of secondary magnesium and magnesium products in Israel 88
• 5.14.3 Exports of magnesium from Israel 88
• 5.15 Italy 89
• 5.15.1 Producers of secondary magnesium in Italy 89
• 5.15.2 Producers of magnesium products in Italy 90
• 5.15.2.1 Magnesium Products of Italy SpA 90
• 5.15.2.2 MENNACasting 90
• 5.15.2.3 Pometon SpA 90
• 5.15.3 Imports of magnesium into Italy 90
• 5.16 Japan 92
• 5.16.1 Former producers of primary magnesium in Japan 92
• 5.16.2 Producers of secondary magnesium in Japan 93
• 5.16.2.1 Nippon Kinzoku 93
• 5.16.2.2 Onoda Morimura Magnesium Limited 94
• 5.16.3 Producers of magnesium products in Japan 94
• 5.16.3.1 Japan Steel Works (JSW) 94
• 5.16.3.2 Kusaka Rare Metal Products Company Limited 94
• 5.16.3.3 Sumitomo Electric Industries Limited (SEI) 94
• 5.16.4 Imports of magnesium into Japan 95
• 5.17 Kazakhstan 96
• 5.17.1 Producers of primary magnesium in Kazakhstan 97
• 5.17.2 Exports of magnesium from Kazakhstan 98
• 5.18 Malaysia 99
• 5.18.1 Primary magnesium projects in Malaysia 99
• 5.19 Mexico 100
• 5.19.1.1 Producers of magnesium products in Mexico 100
• 5.20 Netherlands 100
• 5.20.1 Primary magnesium projects in the Netherlands 100
• 5.20.2 Producers of secondary magnesium in the Netherlands 100
• 5.20.3 Exports of magnesium from the Netherlands 101
• 5.20.4 Imports of magnesium into the Netherlands 102
• 5.21 Norway 104
• 5.21.1 Producers of secondary magnesium in Norway 104
• 5.21.2 Producers of magnesium products in Norway 105
• 5.21.2.1 Elkem 105
• 5.21.2.2 Tonsberg Magnesium Group (TMG) 105
• 5.21.3 Imports of magnesium into Norway 106
• 5.22 Poland 107
• 5.22.1 Producers of magnesium products in Poland 107
• 5.22.1.1 Huta Laziska SA 108
• 5.22.1.2 Tonsberg Magnesium 108
• 5.23 Russia 108
• 5.23.1 Producers of primary magnesium metal in Russia 109
• 5.23.1.1 AVISMA Titanium-Magnesium Works 109
• 5.23.1.2 Solikamsk Magnesium Works (SMZ) 111
• 5.23.2 Primary magnesium metal projects in Russia 113
• 5.23.3 Producers of secondary magnesium in Russia 114
• 5.23.4 Producers of magnesium products in Russia 114
• 5.23.4.1 Chelyabinsk Electrometallurgical Integrated Plant (ChEMK) 114
• 5.23.4.2 Kamensk-Uralsky Metallurgical Works (KUMZ) 114
• 5.23.5 Exports of magnesium from Russia 115
• 5.24 Serbia and Montenegro 116
• 5.25 Singapore 116
• 5.26 Slovenia 116
• 5.26.1 Producers of magnesium products in Slovenia 117
• 5.26.1.1 TDR Metalurgija DD 117
• 5.26.1.2 TCG Unitech LTH 117
• 5.27 South Africa 117
• 5.27.1 Producers of magnesium products in South Africa 117
• 5.28 Switzerland 117
• 5.28.1 Production of magnesium products in Switzerland 118
• 5.29 Taiwan 118
• 5.29.1 Production of secondary magnesium in Taiwan 118
• 5.29.2 Producers of magnesium products in Taiwan 118
• 5.29.2.1 Catcher Technology 118
• 5.29.2.2 Kuo Lung Ferro-Silicon Manufacturing Corporation 118
• 5.29.2.3 Sheng Yu Steel Company (Sysco) 119
• 5.29.2.4 Waffer Technology Corporation 119
• 5.29.3 Imports of magnesium into Taiwan 119
• 5.30 Ukraine 120
• 5.30.1 Producers of primary magnesium in the Ukraine 121
• 5.30.2 Former producers of magnesium metal in the Ukraine 122
• 5.31 UK 123
• 5.31.1 Producers of secondary magnesium in the UK 123
• 5.31.2 Producers of magnesium products in the UK 124
• 5.31.2.1 Dynacast 124
• 5.31.2.2 Magnesium Elektron 124
• 5.31.2.3 Magnesium Products UK 124
• 5.31.2.4 Trident Components Group (TCG) 125
• 5.31.2.5 UK Racing Castings 125
• 5.31.3 Imports of magnesium into the UK 126
• 5.32 United States of America 127
• 5.32.1 Producers of primary magnesium in the USA 128
• 5.32.2 Former producers of primary magnesium in the USA 129
• 5.32.2.1 Dow Chemical Company 130
• 5.32.2.2 Northwest Alloys Incorporated 130
• 5.32.3 Secondary magnesium producers in the USA 130
• 5.32.3.1 Advanced Magnesium Alloys Corporation (AMACOR) 131
• 5.32.3.2 Garfield Alloys Incorporated 131
• 5.32.3.3 Magnesium Elecktron North America Incorporated 132
• 5.32.3.4 Magnesium Technologies Corporation 132
• 5.32.3.5 Remacor Incorporated 133
• 5.32.3.6 Resources Alloys and Metals 133
• 5.32.4 Producers of magnesium products in the USA 133
• 5.32.4.1 American Precision Castings Incorporated 134
• 5.32.4.2 CC Metals and Alloys Incorporated 134
• 5.32.4.3 Chicago White Metal Casting Company 134
• 5.32.4.4 Contech Metal Forge 134
• 5.32.4.5 Del Mar Industries 135
• 5.32.4.6 Empire Diecasting Company 135
• 5.32.4.7 Gibbs Die Casting Corporation 135
• 5.32.4.8 Harvard Industries 136
• 5.32.4.9 Hitchcock Industries Incorporated 136
• 5.32.4.10 Intermet Corporation 136
• 5.32.4.11 Kaiser Aluminium Extruded Products 137
• 5.32.4.12 Lite Metals Company 137
• 5.32.4.13 Lunt Manufacturing Company Incorporated 137
• 5.32.4.14 Magellan Aerospace Corporation 138
• 5.32.4.15 Magnesium Aluminium Corporation (MAC) 139
• 5.32.4.16 Magnesium Products of America (MPA) 139
• 5.32.4.17 Magparts 139
• 5.32.4.18 Northern Diecast Corporation 139
• 5.32.4.19 Prototype Casting Incorporated 140
• 5.32.4.20 Reade Manufacturing Company 140
• 5.32.4.21 Spartan Light Metal Products 140
• 5.32.4.22 SW International Recycling 140
• 5.32.4.23 Timminco 140
• 5.32.4.24 Twin City Diecastings Company 140
• 5.32.4.25 Other producers of magnesium products in the USA 141
• 5.32.5 Exports of magnesium from the USA 141
• 5.32.6 Imports of magnesium into the USA 143

6. International trade in magnesium metal 145

• 6.1 Exports of magnesium 145
• 6.1.1 Exports of unwrought magnesium (>99.8% Mg) 146
• 6.1.2 Exports of unwrought magnesium (<99.8% Mg) 148
• 6.1.3 Exports of magnesium waste and scrap 149
• 6.1.4 Exports of magnesium raspings, turnings, granules and powders 150
• 6.1.5 Exports of other magnesium and articles 151
• 6.2 Imports of magnesium 152
• 6.2.1 Imports of unwrought magnesium (>99.8% Mg) 154
• 6.2.2 Imports of unwrought magnesium (<99.8%Mg) 156
• 6.2.3 Imports of magnesium waste and scrap 158
• 6.2.4 Imports of magnesium raspings, turnings, granules and powders 159
• 6.2.5 Imports of other magnesium and articles 161

7. World consumption of magnesium metal 163

• 7.1 Estimated demand for primary and secondary magnesium in 2003 165
• 7.2 World shipments of primary magnesium by region 166
• 7.3 Western World shipments of magnesium by application 168
• 7.4 Regional shipments of primary magnesium by application 169
• 7.4.1 USA and Canada 170
• 7.4.2 Western Europe 171
• 7.4.3 Asia/Oceania 172
• 7.4.4 Latin America 173
• 7.4.5 Africa and Middle East 174
• 7.5 National consumption of magnesium by application 175
• 7.5.1 Consumption of magnesium in Canada 175
• 7.5.2 Consumption of magnesium in China 176
• 7.5.3 Consumption of magnesium in the CIS 177
• 7.5.4 Consumption of magnesium in Japan 179
• 7.5.5 Consumption of magnesium in the USA 180
• 7.6 Future demand for magnesium 182

7.6.1 Future supply/demand balance for magnesium 184

8. Use of magnesium in aluminium alloys 185

• 8.1 Use of magnesium in aluminium alloys 186
• 8.2 Use of aluminium by sector 188
• 8.3 Use of aluminium in packaging 189
• 8.3.1 Use of aluminium in beverage cans 190
• 8.3.1.1 Use of aluminium in can body stock 193
• 8.3.1.2 Use of aluminium in can end stock 193
• 8.3.1.3 Tab stock 194
• 8.3.2 Production of beverage cans 194
• 8.3.2.1 Production and consumption of beverage cans in Europe 194
• 8.3.2.2 Production of beverage cans in the USA 198
• 8.3.3 Other forms of aluminium packaging 199
• 8.3.3.1 Aluminium foil 199
• 8.3.3.2 Aerosol containers 199
• 8.3.4 Other forms of packaging 200
• 8.3.5 Recycling of packaging materials 202
• 8.3.5.1 Legislation for recycling packaging materials in the
• European Union 202
• 8.3.5.2 Legislation for recycling packaging materials in Japan 203
• 8.3.5.3 Recycling of aluminium cans 203
• 8.3.6 Trends in the use of packaging materials 205
• 8.4 Use of aluminium in transport applications 206
• 8.4.1 Use of aluminium in automobiles 207
• 8.4.1.1 Research into using lightweight materials in motor vehicles 211
• 8.4.1.2 Use of aluminium alloys by Audi 211
• 8.4.1.3 Use of aluminium alloys by Ford 212
• 8.4.1.4 Use of aluminium alloys by General Motors 212
• 8.4.2 Use of aluminium in aerospace applications 213
• 8.4.2.1 Commercial aerospace sector 215
• 8.4.2.2 Military aerospace sector 219
• 8.4.2.3 Aluminium alloy developments for aerospace applications 221
• 8.4.3 Use of aluminium in marine transport 222
• 8.4.4 Use of aluminium in railways 226
• 8.4.5 Future demand for aluminium alloys in transport 229
• 8.4.5.1 Automotive 229
• 8.4.5.2 Aerospace 229
• 8.4.5.3 Marine 233
• 8.4.5.4 Railway 234
• 8.5 Construction 234
• 8.6 Consumer durable goods 236
• 8.7 Machinery and equipment 238
• 8.8 Electrical applications 238
• 8.9 Future trends in demand for magnesium in aluminium alloys 239

9. Use of magnesium in magnesium alloys 241

• 9.1 Magnesium casting alloys 242
• 9.1.1 Production of magnesium castings 245
• 9.2 Wrought alloys 247
• 9.3 Metal matrix composites 249
• 9.4 Applications of magnesium alloys 250
• 9.4.1 Motor vehicles 250
• 9.4.1.1 North America 251
• 9.4.1.2 Europe 255
• 9.4.1.3 Asia 258
• 9.4.1.4 Future prospects for magnesium in automobiles 258
• 9.4.1.5 World production of automobiles 259
• 9.4.2 World production of light commercial vehicles 261
• 9.4.2.1 World production of heavy trucks 263
• 9.4.3 Aerospace 264
• 9.4.4 Other applications for magnesium alloys 265
• 9.4.5 Future demand for of magnesium in magnesium alloys 265

10. Use of magnesium in metal reduction 267

• 10.1 Future demand for magnesium in metal reduction 271

11. Use of magnesium in desulphurisation 274

• 11.1 Desulphurising technologies 275
• 11.2 Desulphurising agents 278
• 11.3 World production of crude steel 279
• 11.4 Future demand for magnesium in steel desulphurising 280

12. Use of magnesium in electrochemical applications 282

• 12.1 Cathodic protection 283
• 12.2 Magnesium batteries 285
• 12.3 Future demand for magnesium in electrochemical applications 286

13. Use of magnesium in chemicals 287

• 13.1 Future demand for of magnesium in chemical applications 289

14. Use of magnesium in nodular cast iron 290

• 14.1 Production of nodular cast iron 292
• 14.2 Production of ferro silicon magnesium alloys 294
• 14.3 Future trends in consumption of magnesium in nodular iron 294

15. Use of magnesium in minor applications 296

• 15.1 Photo-engraving plates 297
• 15.2 Hydrogen storage 297
• 15.3 Flameless heaters 298
• 15.4 Future trends in consumption of magnesium in minor applications 298

16. Prices of magnesium metal 299

• 16.1 Producer prices 300
• 16.2 Free market prices 301
• 16.2.1 World free market price of magnesium (>99.8% Mg) 301
• 16.2.2 China free market price of magnesium (>99.8% Mg) 303
• 16.2.3 Italy ex-works price of magnesium (>99.8% Mg) 306
• 16.2.4 USA free market price of magnesium (>99.8% Mg) 307
• 16.3 The magnesium/aluminium price ratio and future price trends 309

17. Antidumping and countervailing actions 311

• 17.1 Changes in antidumping duties in 1991 311
• 17.2 Changes in antidumping duties in 1992 311
• 17.3 Changes in antidumping duties in 1993 312
• 17.4 Changes in antidumping duties in 1994 312
• 17.5 Changes in antidumping duties in 1995 312
• 17.6 Changes in antidumping duties in 1996 313
• 17.7 Changes in antidumping duties in 1997 314
• 17.8 Changes in antidumping duties in 1998 315
• 17.9 Changes in antidumping duties in 1999 315
• 17.10 Changes in antidumping duties in 2000 315
• 17.11 Changes in antidumping duties in 2002 316
• 17.12 Changes in antidumping duties in 2003 316
• 17.13 Changes in antidumping duties in 2004 317

List of Tables

• Table 1: World: Estimated primary magnesium nameplate capacity, 1993 & 2003 3
• Table 2: World: Magnesium consumption 2003 and forecast demand 2010 by application 5
• Table 3: Compositions of principal magnesium sources 6
• Table 4: Properties of magnesium 6
• Table 5: Raw materials for magnesium production 8
• Table 6: Details of CECRI monopolar and multipolar cells 12
• Table 7: Magnetherm process: Mass balance 19
• Table 8: Energy consumption of magnesium production processes 21
• Table 9: Energy requirements of magnesium production processes 22
• Table 10: World: Estimated production of primary magnesium by country, 1994 to 2003 26
• Table 11: World: Estimated projected primary magnesium metal production capacity by country and company, 2002 to 2007 28
• Table 12: World: Production of secondary magnesium, 1994 to 2003 30
• Table 13: USA: Magnesium scrap processed and form of recovery, 1997 to 2003 32
• Table 14:World: Estimated secondary magnesium capacity by country and company, Year end 2003 33
• Table 15: Australia: Details of primary magnesium projects, 2004 35
• Table 16: Latrobe Magnesium: Capital and operating costs 38
• Table 17: TCG Unitech: Magnesium products 43
• Table 18: Hydro Magnesium: Details of magnesium plants, 2004 44
• Table 19: Rima Industrial: Details of magnesium alloys 47
• Table 20: Canada: Production, trade and consumption of magnesium, 1990 to 2003 48
• Table 21: Leader Mining: Details of projected operating costs of Cogburn magnesium project 52
• Table 22: Meridian Technologies: Details of magnesium product plants 53
• Table 23: Canada: Exports of magnesium metal by form and destination, 1997 to 2003 56
• Table 24: China: Production of primary magnesium, 1990 to 2003 57
• Table 25: China: Estimated production capacity of primary magnesium producers, end of year 2003 59
• Table 26: Ningxia Huiye Magnesium: Details of production, 2001 and 2002 64
• Table 27: China: Estimated magnesium alloy and granule production capacity, 2003 70
• Table 28: China: Estimated production capacity of magnesium alloy producers, end of year 2003 71
• Table 29: China: Producers of magnesium products in China by type, end of year 2003 72
• Table 30: Dongfeng Automobile: Details of diecast magnesium products 73
• Table 31: China: Exports of magnesium metal by form and destination, 1997 to 2003 77
• Table 32: Pechiney El?ctrom?tallurgie (PEM): Specifications of ferro-silicon magnesium 81
• Table 33: Germany: Imports of magnesium metal by form and destination, 1997 to 2003 85
• Table 34: Israel: Exports of magnesium metal by form and destination recorded by importing country, 1998 to 2003 88
• Table 35: Italy: Imports of magnesium metal by form and destination, 1997 to 2003 91
• Table 36: Japan: Supply of magnesium, 1987 to 2003 92
• Table 37: Japan: Producers of secondary magnesium, 2004 93
• Table 38: Japan: Imports of magnesium metal by form and destination, 1997 to 2003 95
• Table 39: UKTMC: Production of magnesium and magnesium alloys, 1986 to 2003 97
• Table 40: Kazakhstan: Exports of magnesium metal by form and destination recorded by importing country, 1998 to 2003 99
• Table 41: Netherlands: Exports of magnesium metal by form and destination, 1997 to 2003 101
• Table 42: Netherlands: Imports of magnesium metal by form and destination, 1997 to 2003 103
• Table 43: Elkem: Specifications of Elmag? magnesium ferro-silicon alloys 105
• Table 44: Tonsberg Magnesium Group: Details of magnesium diecasting production lines 106
• Table 45: Norway: Imports of magnesium metal by form and destination, 1997 to 2003 107
• Table 46: Russia: Production and sales of magnesium metal and magnesium alloys by company, 1986 to 2003 109
• Table 47: Russia: Exports of magnesium metal by form and destination, 1997 to 2003 115
• Table 48: TCG Unitech: Magnesium products 117
• Table 49: Taiwan: Imports of magnesium metal by form and destination, 1998 to 2003 120
• Table 50: Ukraine: Production of magnesium by company, 1986 to 2003 122
• Table 51: UK: Imports of magnesium metal by form and destination, 1998 to 2003 126
• Table 52: USA: Production of primary and secondary magnesium, 1990 to 2003 128
• Table 53: USA: Producers of secondary magnesium, 2004 131
• Table 54: Contech Metal Forge: Locations of plants 135
• Table 55: Hitchcock Industries: Magnesium alloys and applications 136
• Table 56: Lunt Manufacturing: Details of selected AZ91D magnesium diecast products 138
• Table 57: Lunt Manufacturing: Details of selected AM60B magnesium diecast products 138
• Table 58: Magellan Aerospace: Magnesium alloys used 139
• Table 59: USA: Producers of magnesium powders and ferro-alloys 141
• Table 60: USA: Exports of magnesium metal by form and destination, 1998 to 2003 142
• Table 61: USA: Imports of magnesium metal by form and destination, 1998 to 2003 144
• Table 62: World: Exports of magnesium by region and country, 1998 to 2003 145
• Table 63: World: Exports of unwrought magnesium containing >99.8%Mg by region and country, 1998 to 2003 147
• Table 64: World: Exports of unwrought magnesium containing <99.8%Mg by region and country, 1998 to 2003 148
• Table 65: World: Exports of magnesium waste and scrap by region and country, 1998 to 2003 149
• Table 66: World: Exports of magnesium raspings, turnings, granules and powders by region and country, 1998 to 2003 150
• Table 67: World: Exports of other magnesium and articles by region and country, 1998 to 2003 151
• Table 68: World: Imports of magnesium by region and country, 1998 to 2003 153
• Table 69: Imports of unwrought magnesium containing >99.8%Mg by region and country, 1998 to 2003 155
• Table 70: Imports of unwrought magnesium containing <99.8%Mg by region and country, 1998 to 2003 157
• Table 71: Imports of magnesium waste and scrap by region and country, 1998 to 2003 159
• Table 72: Imports of magnesium raspings, turnings, granules and powders by region and country, 1998 to 2003 160
• Table 73: Imports of other magnesium and articles by region and country, 1998 to 2003 161
• Table 74: World: Consumption of magnesium by region and country, 1994 to 2000 163
• Table 75: Estimated consumption of primary magnesium by region and end use, 2003 165
• Table 76: Estimated consumption of secondary magnesium by region and end use, 2003 165
• Table 77: Estimated consumption of primary and secondary magnesium by region and end use, 2003 166
• Table 78: Western World: Shipments of primary magnesium by region, 1983 to 2002 168
• Table 79: Western World: Shipments of magnesium by leading applications, 1990 to 2002 169
• Table 80: Western World: Shipments of magnesium by minor applications, 1990 to 2002 169
• Table 81: USA and Canada: Shipments of primary magnesium by application, 1995 to 2002 170
• Table 82: Western Europe: Shipments of primary magnesium by application, 1995 to 2002 171
• Table 83: Asia/Oceania: Shipments of primary magnesium by application, 1995 to 2002 172
• Table 84: Latin America: Shipments of primary magnesium by application, 1995 to 2002 173
• Table 85: Africa and Middle East: Shipments of primary magnesium by application, 1995 to 2002 174
• Table 86: Canada: Consumption of magnesium by end use, 1995 to 2001 175
• Table 87: China: Consumption of magnesium by end use, 2000 to 2003 176
• Table 88: CIS: Proportion of magnesium and magnesium alloy production for sale
• by country, 1986 to 2003 178
• Table 89: Japan: Shipments of magnesium metal by application, 1997 to 2004 179
• Table 90: USA: Consumption of primary magnesium in structural uses, 1988 to 2003 181
• Table 91: USA: Consumption of primary magnesium in other uses, 1988 to 2003 182
• Table 92: World: Estimated demand for primary and secondary magnesium by application, 2003 and 2010 182
• Table 93: Estimated consumption of primary and secondary magnesium by region and end use, 2010 183
• Table 94: Western World: Regional shipments of primary magnesium by producers for use in aluminium alloys, 1993 to 2002 185
• Table 95: Western World: Regional shipments of primary magnesium from China and the CIS for use in aluminium alloys, 1993 to 2002 186
• Table 96: International alloy designation system for aluminium alloys 186
• Table 97: Chemical compositions and applications of aluminium casting alloys 187
• Table 98: Chemical compositions and applications of wrought aluminium alloys 187
• Table 99: USA/Canada: Shipments of aluminium for containers and packaging 190
• Table 100: Compositions of aluminium alloys used in can stock 191
• Table 101: Europe: Producers of beverage cans, 2003 195
• Table 102: Europe: Shipments of soft and alcoholic drinks in cans by country, 2002 196
• Table 103: Europe: Share of drinks market held by type of packaging by country, 2002 196
• Table 104: Europe: Shipments of beverage cans, 1997 to 2002 197
• Table 105: Europe: Shipments of cans for use with soft drinks by country, 1998 to 2002 197
• Table 106: Europe: Shipments of cans for use with beer by country, 1998 to 2002 197
• Table 107: Europe: Consumption of aluminium cans by country, 2001 198
• Table 108: USA: Beverage can shipments, 1990 to 2002 198
• Table 109: Europe: Production of aluminium aerosol cans, 1998 to 2003 200
• Table 110: USA: Recycling of aluminium beverage cans, 1990 to 2002 204
• Table 111: Western Europe: Recycling of aluminium cans, 1998 205
• Table 112: USA/Canada: Shipments of aluminium for use in transportation, 1992 to 2002 207
• Table 113: Compositions of the major aluminium alloys used in motor vehicles 207
• Table 114: Aluminium alloys and their automotive applications 208
• Table 115: Examples of aluminium components in automobiles 209
• Table 116: USA: Materials used in a typical family automobile, 1997 to 2004 210
• Table 117: Audi A8: Magnesium content of aluminium components 212
• Table 118: Magnesium content of sheet aluminium in the Ford/Alcan AIV 212
• Table 119: Magnesium content of sheet aluminium in the GM Impact 212
• Table 120: Consumption of materials in selected civil and military aircraft 215
• Table 121: World: Passenger aircraft in service by type, end of 2002 216
• Table 122: World: Numbers and capacity of freight aircraft in service, 2002 217
• Table 123: Airbus: Orders and deliveries up to August 2004 217
• Table 124: Airbus: Orders and deliveries by aircraft up to August 2004 217
• Table 125: Boeing: Deliveries of commercial aircraft by model, 1985 to 2003 218
• Table 126: Europe: Planned production of Eurofighter 219
• Table 127: Chemical composition of commercial aluminium-lithium alloys 222
• Table 128: Alloying additions to aluminium in Alustar alloy, AA5083 and AA5383 223
• Table 129: World: Fast ferry deliveries and orders, 2003 224
• Table 130: Fjellstrand: Details of ferries manufactured 225
• Table 131: Airbus: Forecast regional passenger aircraft and seat deliveries, 2003-2022 230
• Table 132: World: Numbers of freight aircraft in service, 2022 230
• Table 133: Boeing: Forecast mix of passenger aircraft, 2002 and 2022 231
• Table 134: Boeing: Forecast deliveries of passenger aircraft, 2002-2022 231
• Table 135: Boeing: Forecast regional deliveries of passenger aircraft, 2003-2022 231
• Table 136: Rolls Royce: Forecast commercial jet aircraft deliveries by region and size, 2003-2022 232
• Table 137: Rolls Royce: Forecast commercial jet fleet development by region and size, 2002 and 2022 233
• Table 138: Selected countries: Consumption of aluminium in building and construction, 1994 to 2002 235
• Table 139: USA and Canada: Shipments of aluminium to the construction industry, by sector, 1994 to 2002 236
• Table 140: Selected countries: Consumption of aluminium in consumer durable  goods, 1994 to 2002 237
• Table 141: USA and Canada: Shipments of aluminium for use in consumer durable goods, 1991 to 2002 237
• Table 142: Selected countries: Consumption of aluminium for use in machinery and equipment, 1994 to 2002 238
• Table 143: Selected countries: Consumption of aluminium in electrical engineering, 1994 to 2002 239
• Table 144: IMA: Shipments of magnesium for structural applications, 1993 to 2002 241
• Table 145: IMA: Regional shipments of primary magnesium from Western producers for use in diecastings, 1993 to 2002 242
• Table 146: IMA: Regional shipments of primary magnesium from China and the CIS for use in diecastings, 1993 to 2002 243
• Table 147: Specifications of magnesium casting alloys 244
• Table 148: World: Production of magnesium castings by main countries, 1995 to 2002 246
• Table 149: USA: Shipments of magnesium and magnesium alloy castings, 1996 to 2002 246
• Table 150: USA: Average value of magnesium and magnesium alloy castings, 1996 to 2002 247
• Table 151: IMA: Regional shipments of primary magnesium from Western producers for use in wrought products, 1993 to 2002 248
• Table 152: IMA: Regional shipments of primary magnesium from China and the CIS for use in wrought products, 1993 to 2002 249
• Table 153: Criteria for magnesium alloy use in automobile components 251
• Table 154: Fiat Auto SpA: Magnesium use in automobiles 256
• Table 155: Ford: Total use of magnesium and aluminium in 1997 Taurus and P2000 models 258
• Table 156: Potential for magnesium in a small European car 259
• Table 157: World: Production of automobiles by country, 1998 to 2003 260
• Table 158: World: Production of light commercial vehicles by country, 1998 to 2003 262
• Table 159: World: Production of heavy trucks by country, 1999 to 2003 263
• Table 160: IMA: Regional shipments of primary magnesium from Western producers for use in metal reduction, 1993 to 2002 267
• Table 161: IMA: Regional shipments of primary magnesium from China and the CIS for use in metal reduction, 1993 to 2002 268
• Table 162: Theoretical magnesium demand in Kroll process titanium production, 2003 270
• Table 163: World: Production of titanium sponge by country, 1994 to 2003 270
• Table 164: CIS: Production of titanium sponge compared to captive use of magnesium, 1993 to 2002 271
• Table 165: IMA: Regional shipments of primary magnesium from Western producers for use in desulphurisation, 1993 to 2002 274
• Table 166: IMA: Regional shipments of primary magnesium from China and the CIS for use in desulphurisation, 1993 to 2002 275
• Table 167: Desulphurising reagents 278
• Table 168: World: Production of crude steel by region, 1995 to 2003 279
• Table 169: World: Apparent consumption of finished steel by region, 1995 to 2003 280
• Table 170: World: Forecast consumption of finished steel by region and country, 2007 281
• Table 171: IMA: Regional shipments of primary magnesium from Western producers for use in electrochemical applications, 1993 to 2002 283
• Table 172: IMA: Regional shipments of primary magnesium from China and the CIS for use in electrochemical applications, 1993 to 2002 283
• Table 173: IMA: Regional shipments of primary magnesium from Western producers for use in chemical applications, 1993 to 2002 287
• Table 174: IMA: Regional shipments of primary magnesium from China and the CIS for use in chemical applications, 1993 to 2002 288
• Table 175: IMA: Regional shipments of primary magnesium from Western producers for use in nodular iron, 1993 to 2002 290
• Table 176: IMA: Regional shipments of primary magnesium from China and the CIS for use in nodular iron, 1993 to 2002 291
• Table 177: Selected countries: Production of nodular cast iron, 1995 to 2002 293
• Table 178: Selected countries: Production and trade in ferro-silicon magnesium alloys, 1995 to 2002 294
• Table 179: IMA: Regional shipments of primary magnesium from Western producers for use in minor applications, 1993 to 2002 296
• Table 180: IMA: Regional shipments of primary magnesium from China and the CIS for use in minor applications, 1993 to 2002 297
• Table 181: Magnesium: Producer prices, 1983 to 2001 300
• Table 182: World: Quarterly high/low free market price of magnesium minimum 99.8% Mg, 1997 to 2004 302
• Table 183: China: Average quarterly high/low free market price of magnesium minimum 99.8% Mg, 1999 to 2004 304
• Table 184: Italy: Quarterly high/low ex-works price of magnesium minimum 99.8% Mg, 2002 to 2004 306
• Table 185: USA: Quarterly high/low spot western and dealer magnesium prices, 1994 to 2004 308
• Table 186: Magnesium-aluminium price ratio, 1930 to 2003 310
• Table 187: USA: Duties on imported magnesium, January 1st 2004 317

List of Figures

• Figure 1: Estimated magnesium consumption by end-use, 1993 and 2003 1
• Figure 2: Estimated regional consumption of magnesium, 1993 and 2003 2
• Figure 3: USA: Average quarterly high/low spot Western price of magnesium,1994 to 2004 2
• Figure 4: Flow chart of AM process 10
• Figure 5: Flow chart of Amax process 11
• Figure 6: Flow chart of Hydro process 14
• Figure 7: World: Primary magnesium capacity and cost curve, 2003 23
• Figure 8: World: Estimated production of primary and secondary magnesium metal, 1985 to 2003 25
• Figure 9: Estimated production of primary magnesium by main countries, 1994 to 2003 26
• Figure 10: Estimated production of secondary magnesium by main countries, 1994 to 2003 30
• Figure 11: Hydro Magnesium: Production, remelting and recycling of primary magnesium, 1992 to 2003 45
• Figure 12: Brazil: Estimated production of primary magnesium, 1994 to 2003 46
• Figure 13: Canada: Production and consumption of primary magnesium, 1981 to 2003 48
• Figure 14: Canada: Exports of magnesium by form, 1997 to 2003 55
• Figure 15:China: Production of primary magnesium, 1980 to 2003 57
• Figure 16: China: Exports of magnesium by form, 1997 to 2003 77
• Figure 17: Germany: Imports of magnesium by form, 1997 to 2003 85
• Figure 18: Israel: Estimated production of primary magnesium, 1997 to 2003 87
• Figure 19: Japan: Imports of magnesium by form, 1997 to 2003 95
• Figure 20: Kazakhstan: Production of magnesium and magnesium alloys, 1986 to 2003 96
• Figure 21: Netherlands: Exports of magnesium metal by form, 1997 to 2003 101
• Figure 22:Netherlands: Imports of magnesium by form, 1997 to 2003 103
• Figure 23: Norway: Imports of magnesium metal by form, 1998 to 2003 106
• Figure 24: Russia: Production of magnesium and magnesium alloys and amount for sale, 1986 to 2003 108
• Figure 25: Russia: Exports of magnesium by form, 1997 to 2003 115
• Figure 26: Taiwan: Imports of magnesium metal by form, 1998 to 2003 119
• Figure 27: Ukraine: Production of primary magnesium for captive use and for sale, 1986 to 2003 121
• Figure 28: UK: imports of magnesium metal by form, 1998 to 2003 126
• Figure 29 USA: Estimated production of magnesium metal, 1990 to 2003 127
• Figure 30: USA: Exports of magnesium by form, 1997 to 2003 141
• Figure 31: USA: Imports of magnesium by form, 1998 to 2003 143
• Figure 32: World: Consumption of magnesium by main regions, 1994 to 2000 163
• Figure 33: Western World: Shipments of primary magnesium, 1984 to 2003 167
• Figure 34: Western World: Shipments of primary magnesium by main regions, 1983 to 2002 167
• Figure 35: Western World: Shipments of magnesium by application, 1984 to 2002 168
• Figure 36: USA and Canada: Shipments of primary magnesium by main application, 1990 to 2002 170
• Figure 37: Western Europe: Shipments of primary magnesium by application, 1996 to 2002 171
• Figure 38: Asia/Oceania: Shipments of primary magnesium by application, 1990 to 2002 172
• Figure 39: Latin America: Shipments of primary magnesium by application, 1996 to 2003 173
• Figure 40: Africa and Middle East: Shipments of primary magnesium by application, 1990 to 2002 174
• Figure 41: Canada: Consumption of magnesium by end use, 1987 to 2001 175
• Figure 42: China: Consumption of magnesium by major end use, 2000 to 2003 176
• Figure 43: CIS: Production of magnesium and magnesium alloys compared to captive use, 1986 to 2003 177
• Figure 44: Japan: Shipments of magnesium metal by major application, 1996 to 2004 179
• Figure 45: USA: Consumption of primary magnesium, 1988 to 2003 180
• Figure 46: USA: Consumption of magnesium by main end use, 1988 to 2003 181
• Figure 47 World: Forecast demand for primary and secondary magnesium by main application, 2003 and 2010 183
• Figure 48: IMA: Shipments of primary magnesium for use in aluminium alloys from Western and CIS/China producers, 1993 to 2002 185
• Figure 49: USA: Number of cans produced per pound of aluminium, 1972 to 2002 193
• Figure 50: Europe: Markets for aluminium aerosol cans, 2003 200
• Figure 51: USA: Recycling of aluminium beverage cans, 1972 to 2002 204
• Figure 52: USA: Comparison of materials used in beer packaging, 1993 to 2002 206
• Figure 53: USA: Aerospace industry sales by product group, 1988 to 2004 214
• Figure 54: Western World: Passenger aircraft in service by manufacturer, 2002 215
• Figure 55: World: Airbus and Boeing deliveries, 1980 to 2004 216
• Figure 56: World: Deliveries of fast ferries by operating country, 2003 225
• Figure 57: Boeing: Forecast regional size of passenger aircraft fleets, 2002 and 2022 232
• Figure 58: IMA: Shipments of magnesium for structural applications, 1993 to 2002, 241
• Figure 59: IMA: Shipments of primary magnesium for use in diecasting from Western and CIS/China producers, 1993 to 2002 242
• Figure 60: Production of magnesium castings by main countries, 1993 to 2002 245
• Figure 61: IMA: Shipments of primary magnesium for use in wrought products from Western and CIS/China producers, 1993 to 2002 248
• Figure 62: Western World: Shipments of primary magnesium from Western and CIS/China producers for use in metal reduction, 1993 to 2002 267
• Figure 63: CIS: Production of titanium sponge compared to captive use of magnesium, 1993 to 2002 271
• Figure 64: IMA: Shipments of primary magnesium from Western and CIS/China producers for use in desulphurisation, 1993 to 2002 274
• Figure 65: Western World: Shipments of primary magnesium from Western and CIS/China producers for use in electrochemical applications, 1993 to 2002 282
• Figure 66: IMA: Shipments of primary magnesium from Western and CIS/China producers for use in chemicals, 1993 to 2002 287
• Figure 67: Western World: Shipments of primary magnesium from Western and CIS/China producers for use in nodular iron, 1993 to 2002 290
• Figure 68: IMA: Shipments of primary magnesium from Western and CIS/China producers for use in minor applications, 1993 to 2002 296
• Figure 69: Year-end magnesium price1, 1915 to 2003 299
• Figure 70: World: Average quarterly high/low price of magnesium minimum 99.8% Mg, 1997 to 2004 302
• Figure 71: China: Average quarterly high/low price of magnesium minimum 99.8% Mg, fob China main ports, 1999 to 2004 303
• Figure 72: China: Quarterly price of magnesium and ferro-silicon, 2000 to 2004 305
• Figure 73: World and China: Average quarterly free market price of magnesium minimum 99.8% Mg, 1997 to 2004 306
• Figure 74: USA: Average quarterly high/low spot Western price of magnesium, 1994 to 2004 307
• Figure 75: Magnesium-aluminium price ratio, 1930 to 2003 309