The Economics of Bentonite, 10th edition 2005

Table of Contents

1 Summary

2 Mineralogy and reserves

• 2.1Physical and chemical composition of bentonite and fuller's earth
• 2.2Smectite and hormite clays
  • 2.2.1Smectite clays
    • 2.2.1.1Sodium and calcium montmorillonite
    • 2.2.1.2Saponite and hectorite
  • 2.2.2Hormite clays
  • 2.2.3Common clay terminology
• 2.3Reserves of bentonite and fuller's earth

3 World production of bentonite and fuller's earth

• 3.1Mining and processing methods
• 3.2Production of bentonite
• 3.3Production of fuller's earth
• 3.4Leading producers

4 Production and processing of bentonite and fuller's earth by country

• 4.1Algeria
  • 4.1.1Reserves of bentonite and fuller's earth
  • 4.1.2Production of bentonite and fuller's earth
• 4.2Argentina
  • 4.2.1Production of bentonite and fuller's earth
  • 4.2.2Producers of bentonite and fuller's earth
• 4.3Armenia
• 4.4Australia
  • 4.4.1Reserves of bentonite and fuller's earth
  • 4.4.2Production of bentonite and fuller's earth
  • 4.4.3Current and past producers of bentonite and fuller's earth
    • 4.4.3.1Arumpo Bentonite Pty. Ltd.
    • 4.4.3.2Clay Resources Company
    • 4.4.3.3Goldbent Holdings Pty. Ltd.
    • 4.4.3.4Hudson Resources Ltd.
    • 4.4.3.5Integrated Mineral Technology Pty. Ltd. (IMT)
    • 4.4.3.6IPOH Pacific Ltd.
    • 4.4.3.7Miles Bentonite
    • 4.4.3.8New Hope Corporation Ltd.
    • 4.4.3.9PCP Douglass Pty. Ltd.
    • 4.4.3.10Unimin Australia Ltd.
    • 4.4.3.11Volclay Pty. Ltd.
    • 4.4.3.12Watheroo Minerals Pty. Ltd.
• 4.5Azerbaijan
• 4.6Bolivia
• 4.7Bosnia & Herzegovina
• 4.8Brazil
  • 4.8.1Reserves of bentonite
  • 4.8.2Production of bentonite
  • 4.8.3Producers of bentonite
    • 4.8.3.1Bentonit Uniao Nordeste SA (BUNE)
    • 4.8.3.2Other
• 4.9Bulgaria
  • 4.9.1Reserves of bentonite
  • 4.9.2Production of bentonite
  • 4.9.3Producers of bentonite
    • 4.9.3.1Bentonit AD
    • 4.9.3.2Bentonite JSC
• 4.10Canada
  • 4.10.1Reserves of bentonite
  • 4.10.2Production of bentonite
  • 4.10.3Current and past producers of bentonite
    • 4.10.3.1Canadian Clay Products Inc.
    • 4.10.3.2Western Industrial Clay Products Ltd.
    • 4.10.3.3Other
• 4.11Chile
• 4.12China
  • 4.12.1Reserves of bentonite and fuller's earth
  • 4.12.2Production of bentonite and fuller's earth
  • 4.12.3Producers of bentonite and fuller's earth
• 4.13Colombia
• 4.14Croatia
• 4.15Cuba
• 4.16Cyprus
  • 4.16.1Production of bentonite
  • 4.16.2Producers of bentonite
    • 4.16.2.1Drapia Mining Co. Ltd.
    • 4.16.2.2Hellenic Mining Co. Ltd.
    • 4.16.2.3Oryktako Ltd.
    • 4.16.2.4Peletico Bentonite Ltd.
    • 4.16.2.5Other
• 4.17Czech Republic
  • 4.17.1Reserves of bentonite
  • 4.17.2Production of bentonite
  • 4.17.3Producers of bentonite
    • 4.17.3.1Keramost AS
    • 4.17.3.2Other
• 4.18Denmark
• 4.19Ecuador
• 4.20Egypt
• 4.21Ethiopia
• 4.22Finland
• 4.23France
  • 4.23.1Processors of bentonite and fuller's earth
    • 4.23.1.1CECA SA
    • 4.23.1.2Süd-Chemie
    • 4.23.1.3Other
• 4.24Georgia
  • 4.24.1Reserves of bentonite
  • 4.24.2Production of bentonite
• 4.25Germany
  • 4.25.1Reserves of bentonite and fuller's earth
  • 4.25.2Production of bentonite and fuller's earth
  • 4.25.3Producers and processors of bentonite and fuller's earth
    • 4.25.3.1Bentone-Chemie GmbH
    • 4.25.3.2Industriemineralwerke Friedland GmbH
    • 4.25.3.3Karlicher Ton-und-Schamotte-Werke Mannheim & Co. KG (KTS)
    • 4.25.3.4Marx Bergbau GmbH & Co. KG
    • 4.25.3.5S&B Industrial Minerals
    • 4.25.3.6Süd-Chemie AG
• 4.26Greece
  • 4.26.1Reserves of bentonite and fuller's earth
  • 4.26.2Production of bentonite
  • 4.26.3Current, past and future producers of bentonite and fuller's earth
    • 4.26.3.1Geohellas SA
    • 4.26.3.2S&B Industrial Minerals SA
    • 4.26.3.3Other
• 4.27Guatemala
• 4.28Hungary
  • 4.28.1Reserves of bentonite
  • 4.28.2Production of bentonite
  • 4.28.3Producers of bentonite
    • 4.28.3.1S&B Industrial Minerals Kft
    • 4.28.3.2Other
• 4.29India
  • 4.29.1Reserves of bentonite and fuller's earth
  • 4.29.2Production of bentonite and fuller's earth
  • 4.29.3Producers of bentonite and fuller's earth
    • 4.29.3.1Abyss BenTrade International Pvt. Ltd.
    • 4.29.3.2Ashapura Minechem Pvt. Ltd.
    • 4.29.3.3Cutch Oil and Allied Industries (1949) Pvt. Ltd.
    • 4.29.3.4Gex-Min Co.
    • 4.29.3.5Gimpex Ltd.
    • 4.29.3.6Gujarat Minechem Ltd.
    • 4.29.3.7Jumbo Mining Ltd.
    • 4.29.3.8Kutch Minerals
    • 4.29.3.9Mine Chemie Corp.
    • 4.29.3.10Neelkanth Chemical Works
    • 4.29.3.11Rajkumar Co. Ltd.
    • 4.29.3.12Shree Koteshwar Exports
    • 4.29.3.13Shri Ahimsa Mines and Minerals Ltd.
    • 4.29.3.14Star Bentonite Group
    • 4.29.3.15Suryachem
    • 4.29.3.16Other
• 4.30Indonesia
  • 4.30.1Reserves of bentonite
  • 4.30.2Production of bentonite and fuller's earth
  • 4.30.3Producers and processors of bentonite and fuller's earth
• 4.31Iran
• 4.32Iraq
• 4.33Israel
• 4.34Italy
  • 4.34.1Reserves of bentonite and fuller's earth
  • 4.34.2Production of bentonite and fuller's earth
  • 4.34.3Producers of bentonite and fuller's earth
    • 4.34.3.1CECA Italiana SpA
    • 4.34.3.2Eredi Dr. Settimio Cinicola
    • 4.34.3.3Laviosa Chimica Mineraria SpA
    • 4.34.3.4Sociéta Mineraria Estrattiva Srl (SoMiEs)
    • 4.34.3.5Süd-Chemie Sarda di Bentonite SpA
    • 4.34.3.6Valceresa Srl
    • 4.34.3.7Valdol SpA
• 4.35Japan
  • 4.35.1Production of bentonite and fuller's earth
  • 4.35.2Producers of bentonite and fuller's earth
    • 4.35.2.1Hojun Kogyo Co. Ltd.
    • 4.35.2.2Houyou Bentonite Co. Ltd.
    • 4.35.2.3Kunimine Industries Co. Ltd.
    • 4.35.2.4Nippon Kasseihakudo Co. Ltd
    • 4.35.2.5Other
• 4.36Kenya
• 4.37South Korea
  • 4.37.1Reserves of bentonite and fuller's earth
  • 4.37.2Production of bentonite and fuller's earth
  • 4.37.3Producers of bentonite and fuller's earth
    • 4.37.3.1Dong Bo Industrial Co.
    • 4.37.3.2Süd-Chemie Korea Co. Ltd.
    • 4.37.3.3Volclay Korea Ltd.
    • 4.37.3.4Other
• 4.38Macedonia
• 4.39Malaysia
  • 4.39.1Processors of bentonite
    • 4.39.1.1Laporte Malaysia Sdn Bhd
    • 4.39.1.2Taiko Group
• 4.40Mexico
  • 4.40.1Reserves of bentonite and fuller's earth
  • 4.40.2Production of bentonite and fuller's earth
  • 4.40.3Producers of bentonite and fuller's earth
    • 4.40.3.1Arcillas Industriales de Durango SA de CV
    • 4.40.3.2FVR Minerales Industriales
    • 4.40.3.3Quimica Sumex SA de CV
    • 4.40.3.4Tecnica Mineral SA de CV
    • 4.40.3.5Other
• 4.41Morocco
  • 4.41.1Reserves of bentonite and fuller's earth
  • 4.41.2Production of bentonite and fuller's earth
  • 4.41.3Producers of bentonite and fuller's earth
    • 4.41.3.1Compagnie Marocaine des Barytes (Comabar)
    • 4.41.3.2Minière d'Afarha Bentonite SA (Mabensa)
    • 4.41.3.3Morocco Minerals Co.
    • 4.41.3.4Société d'Exploitation des Mines du Rif (SEFERIF)
    • 4.41.3.5Other
• 4.42Mozambique
• 4.43Myanmar
• 4.44Namibia
• 4.45Netherlands
• 4.46New Zealand
  • 4.46.1Reserves of bentonite
  • 4.46.2Production of bentonite
• 4.47Nicaragua
• 4.48Nigeria
• 4.49Norway
• 4.50Oman
• 4.51Pakistan
  • 4.51.1Reserves of bentonite and fuller's earth
  • 4.51.2Production of bentonite and fuller's earth
  • 4.51.3Producers of bentonite and fuller's earth
    • 4.51.3.1Ahmad Saeed & Co.
    • 4.51.3.2Mineral Grinding Mills (Pvt.) Ltd.
    • 4.51.3.3Punjab Mineral Development Corp. (Punjmin)
• 4.52Peru
  • 4.52.1Producers of bentonite
    • 4.52.1.1Süd-Chemie SA
    • 4.52.1.2Compania Minera Agriegados Calcareous SA
    • 4.52.1.3Minera Baribent SA
    • 4.52.1.4Minerales Andinos SA
• 4.53Philippines
  • 4.53.1Production of bentonite
  • 4.53.2Current and past producers of bentonite
    • 4.53.2.1Anglo Enterprises Inc.
    • 4.53.2.2Benguet Exploration
    • 4.53.2.3Filmag (Philippines) Inc.
• 4.54Poland
  • 4.54.1Reserves of bentonite and fuller's earth
  • 4.54.2Production of bentonite and fuller's earth
  • 4.54.3Current and past producers of bentonite and fuller's earth
    • 4.54.3.1Bazalt Mining and Production Plant
    • 4.54.3.2Siarkopol Sulphur Mining and Processing Plant
    • 4.54.3.3Other
• 4.55Portugal
• 4.56Romania
  • 4.56.1Reserves of bentonite
  • 4.56.2Production of bentonite
  • 4.56.3Producers of bentonite
    • 4.56.3.1Bega Minerale Industriale SA
    • 4.56.3.2Other
• 4.57Russia
  • 4.57.1Reserves of bentonite
  • 4.57.2Production of bentonite
  • 4.57.3Producers of bentonite
    • 4.57.3.1Almetiev Clay Powder Plant
    • 4.57.3.2JSC Chapaevsk Silicate Plant
    • 4.57.3.3JSC Gai GOK
    • 4.57.3.4OJSC Khakass Bentonite
    • 4.57.3.5Scientific Industrial Co. Bentonite (SIC Bentonite)
    • 4.57.3.6Other
• 4.58Saudi Arabia
• 4.59Serbia and Montenegro
• 4.60Senegal
  • 4.60.1Production of attapulgite
  • 4.60.2Producers of attapulgite
    • 4.60.2.1Compagnie des Produits Chimiques et Materiaux (Prochimat)
    • 4.60.2.2Senegal Mines
    • 4.60.2.3Société Sénégalaise des Phosphates de Thiés (SSPT)
• 4.61Singapore
• 4.62Slovakia
  • 4.62.1Reserves of bentonite
  • 4.62.2Production of bentonite
  • 4.62.3Producers of bentonite
    • 4.62.3.1Kerko a.s.
    • 4.62.3.2Kremnicá banská spol. s.r.o
• 4.63Slovenia
• 4.64South Africa
  • 4.64.1Reserves of bentonite and fuller's earth
  • 4.64.2Production of bentonite and fuller's earth
  • 4.64.3Producers of bentonite and fuller's earth
    • 4.64.3.1Arleco Mining (Pty.) Ltd.
    • 4.64.3.2Atta Clay (Pty.) Ltd.
    • 4.64.3.3G&W Base & Industrial Minerals (Pty.) Ltd.
    • 4.64.3.4Matutu Attapulgite Mining Pty. Ltd.
    • 4.64.3.5Samvec Pty. Ltd.
    • 4.64.3.6Other
• 4.65Spain
  • 4.65.1Reserves of bentonite and fuller's earth
  • 4.65.2Production of bentonite and fuller's earth
  • 4.65.3Producers of bentonite and fuller's earth
    • 4.65.3.1Bentonitas Especiales SA (Benesa)
    • 4.65.3.2MINEVICA
    • 4.65.3.3Minas de Torrejón SA (Miosa)
    • 4.65.3.4SA de Mineria y Tecnologia de Arcillas (MYTA)
    • 4.65.3.5Sepiol SA (Sepiolsa)
    • 4.65.3.6Süd-Chemie Espana NL
    • 4.65.3.7Tolsa SA
    • 4.65.3.8Other
• 4.66Sweden
• 4.67Tanzania
• 4.68Thailand
  • 4.68.1Reserves of bentonite
  • 4.68.2Production of bentonite
  • 4.68.3Processors of bentonite
    • 4.68.3.1Asian Bleaching Earths Company Ltd.
    • 4.68.3.2Asian Mineral Resources Co. Ltd.
    • 4.68.3.3Volclay Siam Co. Ltd.
• 4.69Turkey
  • 4.69.1Reserves of bentonite and fuller's earth
  • 4.69.2Production of bentonite and fuller's earth
  • 4.69.3 Current, past and potential producers of bentonite and fuller's earth
    • 4.69.3.1Anadolu Endustrie Mineralleri Ltd. (AEM)
    • 4.69.3.2Bensan Activated Bentonite Co.
    • 4.69.3.3Ecazacibasi Endüstriyel Hammaddeler Sanayi ve Ticaret AS (ESAN)
    • 4.69.3.4Ekosis Maden Sanayi ve Ticaret Ltd.
    • 4.69.3.5Kalemadencilik Endüstriyel Hammaddeler Sanayi ve Ticaret AS (Kalemaden)
    • 4.69.3.6Karakaya Bentonit Sanayi ve Ticaret AS
    • 4.69.3.7Koral Madencilik Sanayi ve Ticaret Ltd.
    • 4.69.3.8Marmara Concord Madencilik Sanayi ve Ticaret AS
    • 4.69.3.9Ranar Mineral Industries Inc.
    • 4.69.3.10Sayberg Mining Ltd.
    • 4.69.3.11Süd-Chemie Mining and Trading Inc.
    • 4.69.3.12Turan Madencilik Sanayi ve Ticaret Ltd.
    • 4.69.3.13Other
• 4.70Turkmenistan
  • 4.70.1Reserves of bentonite
  • 4.70.2Production of bentonite
• 4.71Ukraine
  • 4.71.1Reserves of bentonite
  • 4.71.2Production of bentonite
  • 4.71.3Producers of bentonite
• 4.72UK
  • 4.72.1Reserves of bentonite and fuller's earth
  • 4.72.2Production of bentonite and fuller's earth
  • 4.72.3Producers of bentonite and fuller's earth
    • 4.72.3.1Rockwood Absorbents (Baulking) Ltd.
    • 4.72.3.2Steetley Bentonite and Absorbents Ltd.
  • 4.72.4Processors of bentonite and fuller's earth
    • 4.72.4.1Abbey Chemicals
    • 4.72.4.2Colin Stewart Minchem Ltd.
    • 4.72.4.3Macromin Ltd.
    • 4.72.4.4M-I Drilling Fluids UK Ltd.
    • 4.72.4.5Minelco
    • 4.72.4.6Pettex Ltd.
    • 4.72.4.7Volclay Ltd.
    • 4.72.4.8Other
• 4.73Uruguay
• 4.74USA
  • 4.74.1Reserves of bentonite and fuller's earth
  • 4.74.2Production of bentonite and fuller's earth
  • 4.74.3Consumption and exports of bentonite and fuller's earth
  • 4.74.4Producers of bentonite and fuller's earth
    • 4.74.4.1Amcol International Corp.
    • 4.74.4.2American Colloid Co. (ACC)
    • 4.74.4.3Colloidal Environmental Technologies Co. (CETCO)
    • 4.74.4.4Nanocor Inc.
    • 4.74.4.5Overseas operations
    • 4.74.4.6BPM Minerals LLC (BPM)
    • 4.74.4.7Black Hills Bentonite LLC
    • 4.74.4.8Central Oregon Bentonite Co.
    • 4.74.4.9Clorox Company
    • 4.74.4.10Cowboy Mining Co.
    • 4.74.4.11Engelhard Corp.
    • 4.74.4.12Evergreen Bentonite Inc.
    • 4.74.4.13GSA Resources Inc.
    • 4.74.4.14IMV Nevada
    • 4.74.4.15Kenneth E. Tanner
    • 4.74.4.16Matcon Corp.
    • 4.74.4.17MFM Industries
    • 4.74.4.18M-I Drilling Fluids
    • 4.74.4.19Milwhite Inc.
    • 4.74.4.20Moltan Co.
    • 4.74.4.21Nestlé-Purina
    • 4.74.4.22Oil-Dri Corp.
    • 4.74.4.23Redmond Minerals Inc.
    • 4.74.4.24Rheox Inc.
    • 4.74.4.25Southern Clay Products Inc.
    • 4.74.4.26Süd-Chemie
    • 4.74.4.27Teague Mineral Products (TMP)
    • 4.74.4.28Unimin Corp.
    • 4.74.4.29US Clay LLP
    • 4.74.4.30Vanderbilt Minerals Corp.
    • 4.74.4.31Western Clay Co.
    • 4.74.4.32Wilbur-Ellis Co.
    • 4.74.4.33Wyo-Ben Inc.
    • 4.74.4.34Zemex Industrial Minerals
    • 4.74.4.35Other
• 4.75Uzbekistan
• 4.76Venezuela
• 4.77Vietnam
• 4.78Yemen
• 4.79Zimbabwe

5. International trade in bentonite and fuller's earth

• 5.1Bentonite
  • 5.1.1Exports
  • 5.1.2Imports
• 5.2Fuller's earth

6. Consumption of bentonite and fuller's earth

• 6.1World consumption
• 6.2Consumption by clay type
• 6.3Consumption by end use and trends in demand

7. End uses for bentonite and fuller's earth

• 7.1Absorbents
  • 7.1.1Cat litter
    • 7.1.1.1The European cat litter market
    • 7.1.1.2The US cat litter market
  • 7.1.2Industrial absorbents and desiccants
• 7.2Agricultural uses
  • 7.2.1Pesticides and other biocides
  • 7.2.2Fertilisers and soil conditioners
  • 7.2.3Animal feeds
• 7.3Civil engineering and construction
  • 7.3.1Clay liners and barriers
  • 7.3.2Construction
• 7.4Drilling muds
  • 7.4.1Function of bentonite in drilling muds
  • 7.4.2Specifications of bentonite and fuller's earth used in drilling muds
  • 7.4.3Types of drilling mud
    • 7.4.3.1Water-based muds
    • 7.4.3.2Oil-based muds
    • 7.4.3.3Synthetic-based muds
  • 7.4.4Well cements
  • 7.4.5Producers of drilling muds
  • 7.4.6Drilling activity and bentonite demand
• 7.5Foundry sands
  • 7.5.1Casting processes
  • 7.5.2Types of foundry sands
  • 7.5.3Suppliers of foundry-grade bentonite
  • 7.5.4Production of metal castings and bentonite demand
• 7.6Iron ore pelletising
  • 7.6.1Function of bentonite in pelletising
  • 7.6.2Production and consumption of iron ore pellets
  • 7.6.3Producers of iron ore pellets
  • 7.6.4Steel production and bentonite demand
    • 7.6.4.1Recent trends in world steelmaking
    • 7.6.4.2Steel demand outlook
• 7.7Paper
• 7.8Refining, filtering, clarifying and decolourising uses
  • 7.8.1Oils and fats
  • 7.8.2Refining and reclamation of mineral oils
  • 7.8.3Other filtering and clarifying uses
• 7.9Other end-uses for bentonite and fuller's earth
  • 7.9.1Catalysts
  • 7.9.2Ceramics
  • 7.9.3Welding electrodes
  • 7.9.4High-temperature greases
  • 7.9.5Medical and cosmetic uses
  • 7.9.6Paint
  • 7.9.7Polymers

8 Prices of bentonite and fuller's earth

List of Tables

• Table 1: World: Production of bentonite and fuller's earth, 1995 to 2003
• Table 2: World: Production of bentonite by country, 1995 to 2003
• Table 3: Principal countries: Bentonite production and trade, 2002
• Table 4: World: Production of fuller's earth by country, 1995 to 2003
• Table 5: Principal corporate groups: Summary of worldwide operations
• Table 6: Algeria: Bentonite reserves
• Table 7: Algeria: Production of bentonite and fuller's earth, 1976 to 2003
• Table 8: Argentina: Production of bentonite and fuller's earth, 1976 to 2003
• Table 9: Armenia: Production of bentonite, 1992 to 2003
• Table 10: Australia: Production of bentonite and attapulgite, 1976 to 2003
• Table 11: Hudson Resources: Production of attapulgite, 2000 to 2003
• Table 12: Chemical analysis and physical properties of Hudson attapulgite
• Table 13: Azerbaijan: Production of bentonite, 1992 to 1999
• Table 14: Brazil: Production of crude and processed bentonite, 1985 to 2003
• Table 15: Bulgaria: Chemical compositions of hydrothermal-metasomatic and diagenic-catagenic bentonites
• Table 16: Bulgaria: Chemical compositions of sedimentary bentonites
• Table 17: Bulgaria: Production of bentonite, 1992 to 2003
• Table 18: Chemical composition of Bentonit product
• Table 19: Canada: Production of bentonite, 1985 to 1999
• Table 20: Canadian Clay Products range of materials
• Table 21: Chile: Production of bentonite, 1988 to 2003
• Table 22: China: Compositions and properties of bentonites
• Table 23: China: Compositions and properties of attapulgite
• Table 24: China: Production and trade in bentonite and fuller's earth, 1997 to 200
• Table 25: China: Production of bentonite by province, 2002
• Table 26: China: Principal producers of bentonite and attapulgite
• Table 27: Colombia: Production of bentonite, 1987 to 2001
• Table 28: Croatia: Production of bentonite, 1993 to 2003
• Table 29: Cyprus: Production of bentonite, 1985 to 2003
• Table 30: Czech Republic: Production of bentonite, 1989 to 2003
• Table 31: Chemical analysis of Keramost AS bentonite
• Table 32: Ecuador: Production of bentonite, 1987 to 1992
• Table 33: Egypt: Production of bentonite, 1986 to 2003
• Table 34: Georgia: Production of bentonite, 1992 to 2003
• Table 35: Germany: Production of bentonite and fuller's earth, 1980 to 2003
• Table 36: Physical data for Bentone SDR3 rheological additive
• Table 37: Chemical and physical analysis of Friedland clay
• Table 38: Advantages of Friedland clay in comparison to bentonite
• Table 39: Technical data for Karlicher Aktivbentonit (T 9011)
• Table 40: Typical composition of bentonite produced by Süd-Chemie
• Table 41: Süd-Chemie: Bentonite-based products and applications
• Table 42: Süd-Chemie: Principal foreign subsidiaries
• Table 43: Greece: Production of crude and processed bentonite, 1976 to 2003
• Table 44: S&B Industrial Minerals: Worldwide bentonite operations
• Table 45: Guatemala: Production of bentonite, 1980 to 2003
• Table 46: Hungary: Production of bentonite, 1985 to 2003
• Table 47: India: Reserves of bentonite and fuller's earth, 1995
• Table 48: India: Production of bentonite and fuller's earth, 1976 to 2001
• Table 49: Ashapura Minechem: Summary of clay processing facilities
• Table 50: Indonesia: Production of bentonite, 1981 to 1999
• Table 51: Indonesia: International trade in bentonite and fuller's earth, 1999 to 20
• Table 52: Iran: Production of bentonite, 1976 to 2001
• Table 53: Chemical analysis of Iranian bentonite
• Table 54: Italy: Production of bentonite and fuller's earth, 1985 to 2003
• Table 55: Japan: Production of bentonite and fuller's earth, 1976 to 2003
• Table 56: South Korea: Production of bentonite and fuller's earth, 1993 to 2002
• Table 57: Mexico: Production of bentonite and fuller's earth, 1985 to 2003
• Table 58: Chemical and physical properties of Nador bentonite
• Table 59: Morocco: Production of bentonite and fuller's earth, 1985 to 2003
• Table 60: Mozambique: Production of bentonite, 1983 to 2002
• Table 61: Chemical and mineralogical properties of Mozambique bentonite
• Table 62: Myanmar: Production of bentonite, 1985 to 2002
• Table 63: New Zealand: Production of bentonite, 1980 to 2003
• Table 64: Nicaragua: Production of bentonite, 1990 to 1999
• Table 65: Pakistan: Production of bentonite and fuller's earth, 1976 to 2003
• Table 66: Peru: Production of bentonite, 1976 to 2003
• Table 67: Philippines: Production of bentonite, 1976 to 2003
• Table 68: Chemical composition of Anglo Enterprises bentonite
• Table 69: Poland: Production of bentonite and fuller's earth, 1989 to 2001
• Table 70: Romania: Production of bentonite, 1976 to 2003
• Table 71: Russia: Reserves of bentonite, 1999
• Table 72: Russia: Production of bentonite, 1992 to 2003
• Table 73: Senegal: Production of attapulgite, 1976 to 2003
• Table 74: Slovakia: Production of bentonite, 1997 to 2003
• Table 75: Chemical and mineralogical properties of South African Heidelberg and Koppies bentonite
• Table 76: Chemical properties of South African attapulgite and sepiolite
• Table 77: South Africa: Production of bentonite and attapulgite, 1985 to 2002
• Table 78: Spain: Production of bentonite and fuller's earth, 1976 to 2002
• Table 79: Tolsa granular products
• Table 80: Tolsa SA: Principal foreign subsidiaries
• Table 81: Chemical and mineralogical properties of Thai bentonite
• Table 82: Thailand: Production of bentonite, 1987 to 2001
• Table 83: Turkey: Bentonite, sepiolite and saponite analyses
• Table 84: Turkey: Production of bentonite and fuller's earth, 1976 to 2003
• Table 85: Chemical and physical properties of ESAN bentonite
• Table 86: Turkmenistan: Production of bentonite, 1992 to 2003
• Table 87: Ukraine: Production of bentonite, 1992 to 2003
• Table 88: UK: Production of fuller's earth, 1985 to 2003
• Table 89: Rockwood Specialities: UK products and applications
• Table 90: Rockwood Specialities: Analyses of bentonite, hectorite and Laponite
• Table 91: Steetley products and applications
• Table 92: USA: Production of bentonite and fuller's earth, 1972 to 2003
• Table 93: USA: Exports of bentonite and fuller's earth, 1999 to 2003
• Table 94: American Colloid: Summary of production and reserves, 1999 to 2003
• Table 95: Amcol International: Overseas bentonite operations
• Table 96: BPM Minerals: Production of bentonite, 1994 to 2001
• Table 97: BPM Minerals: Bentonite products
• Table 98: Black Hills Bentonite: production of bentonite, 1994 to 2001
• Table 99: M-I Drilling Fluids: Production of bentonite, 1994 to 2001
• Table 100: Wyo-Ben: Production of bentonite, 1994 to 2001
• Table 101: Chemical composition of Di Lihn bentonite
• Table 102: Zimbabwe: Production of bentonite, 1976 to 2000
• Table 103: World: Summary of bentonite production and trade, 1998 to 2002
• Table 104: World: Exports of bentonite by country, 1998 to 2003
• Table 105: Principal countries: Exports of bentonite by destination, 2003
• Table 106: World: Imports of bentonite by country, 1998 to 2003
• Table 107: Principal countries: Imports of bentonite by origin, 2003
• Table 108: World: Exports of decolourising earths and fuller's earth by country, 1998 to 2003
• Table 109: World: Imports of decolourising earths and fuller's earth by country, 1998 to 2003
• Table 110: USA: Bentonite and fuller's earth sold or used by producers, by type of clay, 1972 to 2003
• Table 111: Selected countries: Consumption of bentonite by end use, 2002
• Table 112: USA: Consumption of bentonite and fuller's earth by end use, 1995 to 2003
• Table 113: Europe & USA: Types of bentonite and fuller's earth used in cat litter
• Table 114: USA: Consumption of bentonite and fuller's earth in pet litter, 1992 to 2003
• Table 115: USA: Consumption of bentonite and fuller's earth in industrial absorbents and desiccants, 1993 to 2003
• Table 116: USA: Consumption of bentonite and fuller's earth in agricultural uses, 2000 to 2003
• Table 117: Geosynthetic clay liner properties
• Table 118: Comparison of SB and CB methods of slurry wall construction
• Table 119: Civil engineering applications for bentonite
• Table 120: API specification 13A for bentonite and allied clays
• Table 121: Typical composition of a water-based mud
• Table 122: Composition of a polymer water-based mud
• Table 123: Typical composition of an oil-based mud
• Table 124: Typical composition of a synthetic-based mud
• Table 125: World: Annual average drilling rig activity by region, 1990 to 2003 (number of active rigs)
• Table 126: Green sand additives
• Table 127: Technical data for foundry grade bentonite
• Table 128: Physical properties of individual clay types
• Table 129: Advantages and disadvantages of foundry bentonites
• Table 130: Principal countries: Production of castings by type, 2002
• Table 131: World: Production capacity and output of iron ore pellets, 1995 to 2003
• Table 132: World: Details of principal pelletising plants
• Table 133: World: Production of crude steel by country, 1996 to 2003
• Table 134: World: Apparent consumption of finished steel by region, 1994 to 2003
• Table 135: World: Actual and forecast apparent consumption of finished steel
• Table 136: Selected countries: Per capita consumption of crude steel, 1992 to 20
• Table 137: World: Production of palm oil, 1990 to 2003
• Table 138: World: Production of soybean oil, 1990 to 2003
• Table 139: Solid paint formulation incorporating laponite
• Table 140: Physical properties of NanomerR 1.24T
• Table 141: USA: Average unit price of bentonite and fuller's earth sold or used by producers, 1963 to 2003
• Table 142: USA: Prices for Wyoming bentonite, 1979 to 2004
• Table 143: USA: Prices for attapulgite, 1993 to 2002
• Table 144: UK: Prices for Wyoming bentonite, 1975 to 2002
• Table 145: UK: Prices for fuller's earth, 1975 to 2002
• Table 146: UK: Comparison of average bentonite import and export values, 1999 to 2003

List of Figures

• Figure 1: World: Production of bentonite by principal producing countries, 2003
• Figure 2: World: Production of fuller's earth by principal producing countries, 2003
• Figure 3: Spain: Production of bentonite and fuller's earth, 1976 to 2002
• Figure 4: USA: Production of bentonite and fuller's earth, 1973 to 2003
• Figure 5: Europe: Cat litter market by product category, 2003
• Figure 6: Europe: Lightweight cat litter market by raw material, 2003
• Figure 7: Europe: Heavyweight cat litter market by raw material
• Figure 8: USA: Consumption of bentonite and fuller's earth in pet litter,1992 to 2003
• Figure 9: World: Average annual drilling rig activity, 1975 to 2003(number of active rigs)
• Figure 10: USA: Average monthly rig count and consumption of bentonite in drillin muds, 1990 to 2003
• Figure 11: World: Production of castings by type, 2002
• Figure 12: World: Production of iron castings, 1985 to 2002
• Figure 13: Principal producing countries: Production of iron ore pellets, 1995 to 2003
• Figure 14: World: Production of crude steel, 1985 to 2003
• Figure 15: World: Production of crude steel by region, 1996 to 2003
• Figure 16: World: Apparent consumption of finished steel by region, 1994 to 2003
• Figure 17: World: Major producers' share of soybean oil production, 1990 to 2003
• Figure 18: World: production of wine by principal producing countries, 2003
• Figure 19: USA: Average annual unit prices of bentonite and fuller's earth sold or used by producers, 1986 to 2003

List of Appendices

Appendix A: International trade statistics

List of Appendix A Tables

• Table A1: Argentina: Exports of bentonite
• Table A2: Argentina: Exports of bentonite
• Table A3: Argentina: Imports of bentonite
• Table A4: Argentina: Imports of decolorising earths & fuller's earth, whether or not calcined
• Table A5: Australia: Exports of bentonite
• Table A6: Australia: Exports of decolorising earths & fuller's earth, whether or not calcined
• Table A7: Australia: Imports of bentonite, including calcined
• Table A8: Austria: Exports of bentonite
• Table A9: Austria: Imports of bentonite
• Table A10: Belgium: Exports of bentonite
• Table A11: Belgium: Imports of bentonite
• Table A12: Belgium: Imports of decolorising earths & fuller's earth, whether or not calcined
• Table A13: Brazil: Exports of bentonite
• Table A14: Brazil: Imports of bentonite
• Table A15: Brazil: Imports of decolorising earths & fuller's earth, whether or not calcined
• Table A16: Canada: Exports of bentonite
• Table A17: Canada: Imports of bentonite, including calcined
• Table A18: Canada: Imports of decolorizing earths and fuller's earth
• Table A19: China: Exports of bentonite
• Table A20: China: Exports of decolorising earths & fuller's earth, whether or not calcined
• Table A21: China: Imports of bentonite
• Table A22: China: Imports of decolorising earths & fuller's earth, whether or not calcined
• Table A23: Colombia: Imports of bentonite, including calcined
• Table A24: Colombia: Imports of decolorizing earths and fuller's earth
• Table A25: Cyprus: Exports of bentonite
• Table A26: Cyprus: Imports of bentonite
• Table A27: Czech Republic: Exports of bentonite
• Table A28: Denmark: Exports of bentonite
• Table A29: Denmark: Imports of bentonite
• Table A30: Finland: Exports of bentonite
• Table A31: Finland: Imports of bentonite
• Table A32: France: Exports of bentonite
• Table A33: France: Exports of decolorising earths & fuller's earth, whether or not calcined
• Table A34: France: Imports of bentonite
• Table A35: France: Imports of decolorising earths & fuller's earth, whether or not calcined
• Table A36: Germany: Exports of bentonite
• Table A37: Germany: Exports of decolorising earths & fuller's earth, whether or no calcined
• Table A38: Germany: Imports of bentonite
• Table A39: Germany: Imports of decolorising earths & fuller's earth, whether or not calcined
• Table A40: Greece: Exports of bentonite
• Table A41: Greece: Imports of bentonite
• Table A42: Hong Kong: Imports of bentonite
• Table A43: India: Exports of crude bentonite (unprocessed)
• Table A44: India: Exports of bentonite processed
• Table A45: Indonesia: Exports of bentonite
• Table A46: Indonesia: Exports of fuller's earth
• Table A47: Indonesia: Exports of decolourising earth
• Table A48: Indonesia: Exports of activated earth
• Table A49: Indonesia: Imports of bentonite
• Table A50: Indonesia: Imports of fuller's earth
• Table A51: Indonesia: Imports of decolourising earth
• Table A52: Italy: Exports of bentonite
• Table A53: Italy: Imports of bentonite
• Table A54: Italy: Imports of decolorising earths & fuller's earth, whether or not calcined
• Table A55: Japan: Exports of bentonite
• Table A56: Japan: Exports of activated earth
• Table A57: Japan: Imports of bentonite
• Table A58: Japan: Imports of decolourising earths and fullers earth
• Table A59: Luxembourg: Exports of decolorising earths & fuller's earth, whether or not calcined
• Table A60: Malaysia: Exports of activated earth
• Table A61: Mexico: Exports of bentonite
• Table A62: Mexico: Exports of crude bentonite (unprocessed)
• Table A63: Mexico: Exports of activated clay, other than heading 3802.90.02
• Table A64: Mexico: Exports of fuller earths, activated
• Table A65: Mexico: Imports of bentonite
• Table A66: Mexico: Imports of crude bentonite (unprocess)
• Table A67: Netherlands: Exports of bentonite
• Table A68: Netherlands: Exports of decolorising earths & fuller's earth, whether or not calcined
• Table A69: Netherlands: Imports of bentonite
• Table A70: Netherlands: Imports of decolorising earths & fuller's earth, whether or not calcined
• Table A71: New Zealand: Imports of decolorizing earths and fuller's earth
• Table A72: Norway: Imports of bentonite
• Table A73: Philippines: Imports of bentonite
• Table A74: Philippines: Imports of decolorising earths & fuller's earth, whether or not calcined
• Table A75: Portugal: Imports of bentonite
• Table A76: Romania: Exports of bentonite
• Table A77: Russia: Exports of bentonite
• Table A78: Russia: Imports of bentonite
• Table A79: Russia: Imports of decolorising earths & fuller's earth, whether or not calcined
• Table A80: Slovakia: Exports of bentonite
• Table A81: South Africa: Exports of bentonite
• Table A82: South Korea: Exports of bentonite, including calcined
• Table A83: South Korea: Exports of activated clays and activated earths
• Table A84: South Korea: Imports of bentonite, including calcined
• Table A85: South Korea: Imports of decolorizing earths and fuller's earth
• Table A86: Spain: Exports of bentonite
• Table A87: Spain: Exports of decolorising earths & fuller's earth, whether or not calcined
• Table A88: Spain: Imports of bentonite
• Table A89: Sweden: Exports of bentonite
• Table A90: Sweden: Imports of bentonite
• Table A91: Switzerland: Imports of bentonite
• Table A92: Switzerland: Imports of decolorising earths & fuller's earth, whether or not calcined
• Table A93: Taiwan: Imports of bentonite, including calcined
• Table A94: Taiwan: Imports of decolorizing earths and fuller's earth
• Table A95: Thailand: Imports of bentonite, whether or not calcined
• Table A96: Turkey: Exports of bentonite
• Table A97: Turkey: Imports of bentonite
• Table A98: United Kingdom: Exports of bentonite
• Table A99: United Kingdom: Exports of decolorising earths & fuller's earth, whether or not calcined
• Table A100: United Kingdom: Imports of bentonite
• Table A101: United Kingdom: Imports of decolorising earths & fuller's earth, whether or not calcined
• Table A102: United States: Exports of bentonite, including calcined
• Table A103: United States: Exports of decolorizing earths and fuller's earth
• Table A104: United States: Exports of activated clays and activated earths
• Table A105: United States: Imports of bentonite, including calcined
• Table A106: United States: Imports of decolorizing earths and fuller's earth
• Table A107: Venezuela: Imports of bentonite, including calcined