The Economics of Diatomite, 8th Edition

Table of Contents

1. Summary 1

2. Introduction, composition and properties of diatomite 4

2.1 Properties of diatomite 5

3. Occurrences and reserves of diatomite 7

3.1 Reserves of diatomite in North America 7

3.2 Reserves of diatomite in Central and South America 8

3.3 Reserves of diatomite in Europe 8

3.4 Reserves of diatomite in Africa 9

3.5 Reserves of diatomite in Asia 10

3.6 Reserves of diatomite in Oceania 10

4. Mining and processing of diatomite 11

4.1 Mining 11

4.2 Natural diatomite 11

4.3 Calcined diatomite 12

4.4 Flux calcined diatomite 12

5. Health and safety factors associated with diatomite 14

6. World production of diatomite 16

7. Production of diatomite by country and company 18

7.1 Algeria 18

7.2 Argentina 18

7.3 Armenia 19

7.4 Australia 20

7.4.1 ADE Environmental 20

7.4.2 Hudson Resources 21

7.4.3 Maidenwell Diatomite Australia Pty Ltd 21

7.4.4 Mount Sylvia Mining Pty Ltd 22

7.4.5 Unimin Australia Ltd 22

7.5 Brazil 22

7.5.1 Diatomita Ciemil 25

7.5.2 Cearita Empresa de Minera??o Industrial Ltda 27

7.5.3 Min?rios Ouro Branco 27

7.5.4 Diatom Minera??o Ltda 27

7.6 Canada 28

7.7 Chile 29

7.8 China 30

7.8.1 Celite China 32

7.8.2 Changbaixin Changbai Diatomite Co Ltd 33

7.8.3 Dunhua Diatomite Mine 33

7.8.4 Fusung Xintunzi Diatomite Mine 34

7.8.5 Huade Diatomite Filtrate Production Line 34

7.8.6 Jinshan County Caojing Chemical General Works 34

7.8.7 Longyang Co 34

7.8.8 Qingdao Chuanyi Diatomite Industry Co Ltd 35

7.8.9 Qingdao Qianhe Diatomite Co Ltd 36

7.8.10 Qingdao Sangxing Diatomite Co Ltd 36

7.8.11 Qingdao Taile Diatomite Co Ltd 36

7.8.12 Qingdao Three Star Diatomite Co Ltd 36

7.8.13 Shangdu County Diatomite Powder Processing 36

7.8.14 Shengzhou Diatomite Choiceness Corporation 36

7.8.15 Shengzhou Hueli Diatomite Product Co Ltd 37

7.8.16 Shengzhou Sanjiang Diatomite Concentration Mill 37

7.8.17 Tianjin Haixin Fine Chemical Factory 37

7.8.18 Yunnan Tengchong Filteraid Factory 37

7.8.19 Zhejiang Diatomite Manufacturing Plant 37

7.8.20 Potential diatomite producer 37

7.9 Costa Rica 38

7.10 Czech Republic 38

7.11 Denmark 40

7.11.1 Damolin 41

7.11.2 Skamol 42

7.12 Egypt 42

7.13 Ethiopia 42

7.14 France 43

7.14.1 CECA 44

7.14.2 Celite France 45

7.15 Georgia 45

7.16 Germany 46

7.17 Hungary 47

7.18 Iceland 47

7.19 Indonesia 49

7.20 Iran 49

7.21 Italy 49

7.22 Japan 50

7.23 Kenya 51

7.24 North Korea 51

7.25 South Korea 51

7.26 Macedonia 53

7.27 Mexico 53

7.27.1 Celite de Mexico SA de CV 54

7.27.2 Other mines and processing plants 55

7.27.3 Mexican trade in diatomite 55

7.28 New Zealand 55

7.29 Peru 56

7.30 Poland 56

7.31 Portugal 57

7.32 Romania 57

7.33 Russia 57

7.34 Saudi Arabia 58

7.35 Slovakia 59

7.36 Spain 59

7.37 Turkey 60

7.38 USA 60

7.38.1 World Minerals Corp 62

7.38.2 EaglePicher Industries Inc 64

7.38.3 Grefco Minerals Inc 67

7.38.4 Moltan Co 68

7.38.5 Oil-Dri Corporation of America 68

7.38.6 Other diatomite operations in the USA 69

7.39 Vietnam 70

7.40 Zambia 70

8. World consumption of diatomite 71

8.1 Consumption of diatomite by region 72

8.2 Future trends in demand for diatomite 77

9. Consumption of diatomite by application 78

9.1 Use of diatomite in filtration 78

9.1.1 Specifications for diatomite used in filter aids 83

9.1.2 Factors affecting the use of diatomite in filter aids 85

9.1.3 Use of diatomite in beer filtration 86

9.1.3.1 World production of beer 88

9.1.3.2 Leading producers of beer 90

9.1.3.3 Consumption of diatomite in beer filtration 90

9.1.4 Use of diatomite in wine filtration 91

9.1.4.1 World production of wine 94

9.1.4.2 Leading producers of wine 96

9.1.4.3 Consumption of diatomite in wine filtration 97

9.1.5 Use of diatomite in cider filtration 97

9.1.6 Use of diatomite in fruit juice filtration 98

9.1.7 Use of diatomite in edible oil filtration 100

9.1.8 Use of diatomite in corn syrup, glucose and dextrose filtration 104

9.1.9 Use of diatomite in sugar filtration 106

9.1.10 Use of diatomite in water treatment 109

9.1.11 Use of diatomite in titanium dioxide production 110

9.1.12 Use of diatomite in pharmaceuticals filtration 110

9.1.13 Future trends in diatomite consumption in filtration 110

9.2 Use of diatomite in fillers 112

9.2.1 Specifications for diatomite fillers 114

9.2.2 Use of diatomite in paints and varnishes 115

9.2.2.1 World production of paint 117

9.2.2.2 Trends in demand for diatomite in paint 121

9.2.3 Use of diatomite in plastics 122

9.2.4 Use of diatomite in abrasives 125

9.2.5 Use of diatomite in agriculture 125

9.2.6 Use of diatomite in catalysts 126

9.2.7 Use of diatomite in paper 127

9.2.8 Use of diatomite in Portland cement 127

9.2.9 Trends in demand for diatomite in fillers 127

9.3 Use of diatomite in absorbents 128

9.3.1 Use of diatomite in spillage control 128

9.3.2 Use of diatomite in cat litter 129

9.3.3 Use of diatomite in soil amendment 131

9.3.4 Specifications for diatomite used in absorbents 131

9.3.5 Trends in demand for diatomite in absorbents 132

9.4 Use of diatomite in insulation 133

9.4.1 Trends in demand for diatomite in insulation 134

10. International trade in diatomite 135

11. Prices of diatomite 141

List of Tables

Table 1: Chemical composition of natural diatomites (oven dried basis)

Table 2: World: Reserves of diatomite by country, 2004

Table 3: Properties of natural, calcined and flux calcined diatomite

Table 4: World: Production of diatomite (including moler) by country, 1996-2004

Table 5: Supersorb Minerals: Sales of diatomite, 1999/2000-2002

Table 6: Maidenwell Diatomite Australia: Actual and projected diatomite production, 2000-2003

Table 7: Brazil: Reserves of diatomite, 2000

Table 8: Brazil: Production of crude and processed diatomite by state, 2001-2003

Table 9: Brazil: Production and trade in beneficiated diatomite, 1994-2003

Table 10: Brazil: Consumption of locally produced diatomite by application, 1999-2003

Table 11: Brazil: Consumers of diatomite by application, 2001

Table 12: Ciemil: Specifications for filter grade diatomite

Table 13: Ciemil: Specifications for filler grade diatomite

Table 14: Diatom Minera??o: Specifications and applications for diatomite grades

Table 15: China: Reserves of diatomite

Table 16: China: Production of diatomite by province, 2002/03

Table 17: China: Exports and recorded trading partner imports of siliceous fossil meals (including kieselguhr, tripolite and diatomite) and similar siliceous earths, 2001-2004

Table 18: Linjiang City Xing Hui Filteraid Company: Diatomite products

Table 19: Longyang Co: Diatomite filter aids

Table 20: Czech Republic: Production of diatomite, 1994-2004

Table 21: Czech Republic: Trade in diatomite, 1994-2003

Table 22: Czech Republic: Exports of diatomite by country of destination, 2003

Table 23: Calofrig: Diatomite specifications

Table 24: Denmark: Exports of siliceous fossil meals (including kieselguhr, tripolite and diatomite) and similar siliceous earths estimated from imports of reporting trade partner countries, 2000-2004

Table 25: Iceland: Exports of diatomite recorded in the import statistics of trading partners, 2000-2004

Table 26: Italy: Imports of diatomite by country of origin, 2000-2004

Table 27: South Korea: Diatomite reserves, end-2000 (Gyeongsangbuk-do Province only)

Table 28: South Korea: Production of diatomite by major operating mines, 1998-2002

Table 29: South Korea: Supply and demand for diatomite, 1999-2002

Table 30: South Korea: Applications for diatomite, 2002

Table 31: Mexico: Production of diatomite, 2000-2005

Table 32: Mexico: Exports of diatomite by country of destination, 1999-2004

Table 33: Russia: Imports of diatomite by country of origin, 1999-2004

Table 34: Spain: Production of crude diatomite, 1996-2002

Table 35: Spain: Exports of diatomite by country of destination, 2000-2004

Table 36: World Minerals: Diatomite mines and processing plants

Table 37: EaglePicher: Typical chemical and physical properties of Celatom? filter aids

Table 38: Grefco: Typical applications for diatomite filter aids

Table 39: USA: Consumption of diatomite by end-use, 1998-2004

Table 40: Permeability comparison of filter aids used in dewatering and precoats

Table 41: Comparison of porosity of filter materials used in winemaking

Table 42: Materials filtered using diatomite or CFMF

Table 43: Typical properties of Celite? filter aids

Table 44: Typical properties of Celatom? filter aids

Table 45: USA: Consumption of diatomite in filter aids, 1998-2004

Table 46: World: Production of beer by leading country, 2002-2004

Table 47: World: Leading beer producers, 2004

Table 48: Typical properties of CelaBrew filter aids

Table 49: Effect of diatomite grade on chemical composition of filtered white wine

Table 50: Diatomite filter aids for winemaking

Table 51: World: Production of wine by leading country, 2000-2004

Table 52: EU: Cider consumption per capita, 2000

Table 53: World: Leading producers of orange juice, 1998-2004

Table 54: World: Leading producers of concentrated apple juice, 1998-2004

Table 55: World: Production of edible oils by leading country, 2000/01-2004/05

Table 56: USA: Production of glucose, dextrose and HFCS, 1994-2004

Table 57: World: Production of sugar by region, 1999/00-2004/05

Table 58: Filler applications for diatomite

Table 59: Typical properties of Dicalite? diatomite functional fillers

Table 60: Typical properties of Celatom? diatomite fillers

Table 61: Properties of extender minerals used in paint

Table 62: Europe: Demand for extenders and fillers in coatings, 2001

Table 63: World: Production and consumption of paints by region, 2003

Table 64: World: Forecast production of architectural paints by region, 1992-2012

Table 65: World: Leading producers of paints and coatings, 2004

Table 66: USA: Shipments of coatings, 1994-2004

Table 67: Properties of CelTiX?

Table 68: World: Regional use of polyethylene by product, 2003

Table 69: World: Leading producers of polyethylene, 2004 and 2008

Table 70: World: Forecast regional use of polyethylene by product, 2008

Table 71: Typical properties of diatomite used in catalyst carriers

Table 72: USA: Consumption of diatomite in filler applications, 1998-2004

Table 73: Specifications for diatomite used in absorbents

Table 74: USA: Consumption of diatomite in absorbents, 1998-2004

Table 75: Selected countries: Estimated consumption of diatomite in insulation, 2004

Table 76: World: Recorded exports of diatomite including tripolite and kieselguhr, by leading exporting country, 2000-2004

Table 77: World: Export trade flows for diatomite and moler recorded by leading exporting country, 2004

Table 78: World: Recorded imports of diatomite, including moler, tripolite and kieselguhr, by leading importing country, 2000-2004

Table 79: World: Import trade flows for diatomite and moler recorded by leading importing country, 2004

Table 80: UK: Prices of US filter aid grade diatomite, 1971-2005

Table 81: USA: Average values of diatomite sold or used by end-use, 1990-2004

Table 82: Brazil: Average values of processed diatomite by end-use, 1999-2003

Table 83: Average values of significant trade flows for diatomite exports, 2000-2004

Table 84: Average values of significant trade flows for diatomite imports, 2000-2004

Table 85: China: Published prices of diatomite produced by Qingdao Qianhe Diatomite, 2004-2005

List of Figures

Figure 1: Chile: Diatomite production, 1990-2003

Figure 2: France: Exports of diatomite by destination, 2004

Figure 3: Germany: Trends in imports of diatomite, 1999-2004

Figure 4: Germany: Average values of imports of diatomite by country of origin, 1999-2004

Figure 5: USA: Production of diatomite, 1990-2004

Figure 6: EaglePicher: Celatom? grades, showing permeability (Darcy)

Figure 7: World: Estimated consumption of diatomite (including moler) by end-use, 2004

Figure 8: World: Estimated consumption of diatomite (excluding moler) by end-use, 2004

Figure 9: USA: Diatomite sold or used by end-use, 1998-2004

Figure 10: Brazil: Consumption of diatomite by end-use, 1998-2003

Figure 11: EU: Consumption of diatomite by end-use, 2002

Figure 12: France: Consumption of diatomite by end-use, 1999

Figure 13: Japan: Consumption of diatomite by end-use, late 1990s

Figure 14: USA: Consumption of diatomite(1) in filtration, 1993-2004

Figure 15: Typical particle size distribution of filter grade diatomite used in winemaking

Figure 16: World: Production of wine by leading country, 2004

Figure 17: USA: Production of HFCS, glucose and dextrose, 1992-2003

Figure 18: EU: Estimated sales of paint by type, 2003

Figure 19: Eastern and Central Europe: Demand for paints by country, 2004

Figure 20: Japan: Production of paint, 1994-2003

Figure 21: Europe: Lightweight cat litter market by product, 2003

Figure 22: USA: Exports of diatomite by region, 2004

Figure 23: UK: Prices of US filter aid grade diatomite, 1971-2005

Figure 24: USA: Average annual values of diatomite by end-use, 1990-2004