The Economics of Titanium Metal, 4th edition, 2007

Table of Contents

1. Summary

2. History, occurrence, and resources of titanium

• 2.1 History of the discovery of titanium metal
• 2.2 Properties of titanium metal
  • 2.2.1 Crystallography of titanium metal
• 2.3 Mineralogy and occurrence of titanium
  • 2.3.1 Mineralogy of titanium
• 2.4 Occurrence
• 2.5 Resources

3. Mining, processing and refining of titanium

• 3.1 Mining and concentration
• 3.2 Upgrading of ilmenite to titanium mineral and metal feedstocks
  • 3.2.1 Production of titanium slag
  • 3.2.2 Production of synthetic rutile
    • 3.2.2.1 The Becher process
    • 3.2.2.2 The Benilite process
  • 3.2.3 Composition of synthetic rutile
• 3.3 Natural rutile
• 3.4 Processing of rutile and titanium slag to titanium metal
  • 3.4.1 Production of titanium sponge
    • 3.4.1.1 The Kroll process
    • 3.4.1.2 The Hunter process
    • 3.4.1.3 Molten salt chlorination
  • 3.4.2 New technologies for recovery of titanium metal
    • 3.4.2.1 Armstrong/ITP
    • 3.4.2.2 CSIR
    • 3.4.2.3 CSIRO TiRO"!
    • 3.4.2.4 DMR
    • 3.4.2.5 DuPont
    • 3.4.2.6 EMR/MSE
    • 3.4.2.7 FFC / Cambridge University
    • 3.4.2.8 GTT s.r.l. (Ginatta)
    • 3.4.2.9 Idaho Titanium Technologies (ITT)
    • 3.4.2.10 MER Corp
    • 3.4.2.11 Metalysis
    • 3.4.2.12 MIT Two-year Titanium Initiative
    • 3.4.2.13 Norsk Titanium
    • 3.4.2.14 OS (Ono/Suzuki; Kyoto Univ.)
    • 3.4.2.15 Peruke (Pty) Ltd.
    • 3.4.2.16 Preform Reduction
    • 3.4.2.17 QIT
    • 3.4.2.18 SRI International
    • 3.4.2.19 Vartech
• 3.5 Processing of titanium sponge
  • 3.5.1 The double and triple vacuum arc remelting processes
  • 3.5.2 Cold hearth melting processes
  • 3.5.3 Induction Skull Melting
  • 3.5.4 Grades of titanium metal
  • 3.5.5 Melting techniques used by principal companies
• 3.6 Manufacture of titanium mill products and forgings
• 3.7 Titanium powder metallurgy (PM)
  • 3.7.1 Powder manufacturing processes
    • 3.7.1.1 Blended elemental technique (BE)
    • 3.7.1.2 Pre-alloyed powder production
• 3.8 Production of ferrotitanium
• 3.9 Generation of titanium scrap
• 3.1 Titanium metal production costs
  • 3.10.1 Titanium sponge production costs

4. World supply of titanium minerals and metal

• 4.1 Supply of titanium minerals
  • 4.1.1 Companies producing titanium slag, rutile and synthetic rutile
  • 4.1.2 New projects for the production of rutile and titanium slag
• 4.2 Supply of titanium sponge
  • 4.2.1 Companies producing titanium sponge
  • 4.2.2 Future supply of titanium sponge
• 4.3 Supply of titanium scrap
• 4.4 Supply of titanium melted products
  • 4.4.1 Companies producing unwrought titanium
  • 4.4.2 Future expansion of titanium melting capacity
• 4.5 Supply of titanium mill products
  • 4.5.1 Future supply of titanium mill products
• 4.6 Supply of titanium powder
• 4.7 Supply of ferrotitanium

5. Notes on the production and use of titanium by country

• 5.1 Armenia
• 5.2 Australia
  • 5.2.1 Producers of rutile and synthetic rutile in Australia
    • 5.2.1.1 Iluka Resources Ltd
    • 5.2.1.2 Tiwest Joint Venture
    • 5.2.1.3 Bemax Resources
• 5.3 Austria
• 5.4 Belgium
• 5.5 Brazil
• 5.6 Canada
• 5.7 China
  • 5.7.1 Production of titanium minerals
  • 5.7.2 Producers of titanium sponge
    • 5.7.2.1 Zunyi Titanium Stock Co
    • 5.7.2.2 Fushun Jinming Titanium
    • 5.7.2.3 Tiantai Chemicals Company
    • 5.7.2.4 Chaoyang Hundred Sheng Company
    • 5.7.2.5 Chaoyang Jinda Titanium Co.
    • 5.7.2.6 Huludao Titanium Co
    • 5.7.2.7 Jiangxi Jintai Enterprises
    • 5.7.2.8 Jinzhou Huashen Nonferrous
    • 5.7.2.9 Zhongda Titanium Co Ltd
  • 5.7.3 New titanium sponge projects
    • 5.7.3.1 Aricom/Chinalco
    • 5.7.3.2 Gangcheng Enterprise
    • 5.7.3.3 Guizhou South-West Titanium Co Ltd
    • 5.7.3.4 Hainan Steel/Shanghai Fuxing/Shaanxi Bao Ti
    • 5.7.3.5 Hainan Xinmei Technic Co
    • 5.7.3.6 Jinchuan Group
    • 5.7.3.7 Jinzhou Ferroalloy Plant/CITC Group
    • 5.7.3.8 Orient Titanium
    • 5.7.3.9 Shanxi Shenli Titanium Co
    • 5.7.3.10 Shuangrui Wanji Titanium Company
    • 5.7.3.11 Sichuan Sanyang Titanium Investment Co Ltd
    • 5.7.3.12 Songliang Copper Co. Ltd
    • 5.7.3.13 Tangshan Tianhe Titanium
    • 5.7.3.14 Xingtai Titanium Company
  • 5.7.4 Producers of titanium ingot and mill products
    • 5.7.4.1 Baimtec Material
    • 5.7.4.2 Baoji Titanium
    • 5.7.4.3 Baoshan Iron and Steel Holding Special Steel Division
    • 5.7.4.4 Beijing Zhongbei Titanium
    • 5.7.4.5 Bongen Titanium (China) Co
    • 5.7.4.6 Changzhou Valinox Great Wall Welded Tube
    • 5.7.4.7 Donggang Dongfang Hi-Tech Company
    • 5.7.4.8 Northwest Institute for Nonferrous Metal Research
    • 5.7.4.9 Pangang Group (Panzhihua Iron & Steel)
    • 5.7.4.10 Shenyang Jinchi Titanium
    • 5.7.4.11 Xi' an Baotimet Valinox Tubes
    • 5.7.4.12 Other companies
  • 5.7.5 Producers of ferrotitanium
• 5.8 Czech Republic
• 5.9 Finland
• 5.10 France
  • 5.10.1 Timet Savoie
  • 5.10.2 Vallourec SA
  • 5.10.3 Specitubes
  • 5.10.4 Precision Castparts Corporation
  • 5.10.5 Aubert&Duval
  • 5.10.6 Other companies
• 5.11 Germany
  • 5.11.1 ThyssenKrupp Titanium GmbH
  • 5.11.2 Other companies
• 5.12 India
  • 5.12.1 Titanium sponge projects
  • 5.12.2 Production of titanium ingot and mill products
    • 5.12.2.1 Mishra Dhatu Nigam (Midhani)
    • 5.12.2.2 Other companies
  • 5.12.3 Producers of ferrotitanium
• 5.13 Italy
  • 5.13.1 ThyssenKrupp Titanium SpA
  • 5.13.2 Loterios SpA
• 5.14 Japan
  • 5.14.1 Titanium sponge and ingot
  • 5.14.1.1 Sumitomo Titanium Corporation
  • 5.14.1.2 Toho Titanium Co Ltd
  • 5.14.1.3 Kobe Steel
  • 5.14.1.4 Other companies
• 5.15 Kazakhstan
  • 5.15.1 Ust-Kamenogorsk Titanium and Magnesium Plant (UKTMP)
• 5.16 Kenya
• 5.17 South Korea
• 5.18 Mexico
• 5.19 The Netherlands
• 5.20 Norway
• 5.21 Russia
  • 5.21.1 Titanium minerals
  • 5.21.2 Producers of titanium
    • 5.21.2.1 VSMPO Avisma
    • 5.21.2.2 Other ingot and mill product producers
  • 5.21.3 Producers of ferrotitanium
    • 5.21.3.1 VSMPO Avisma
    • 5.21.3.2 Kluchevsky Ferro-Alloy Plant
    • 5.21.3.3 Other ferrotitanium producers
• 5.22 Slovakia
• 5.23 South Africa
• 5.24 Spain
• 5.25 Sweden
• 5.26 Taiwan
• 5.27 UK
  • 5.27.1 Producers and processors of titanium metal
    • 5.27.1.1 Timet UK
    • 5.27.1.2 ATI Titanium International
    • 5.27.1.3 Metalysis Titanium
    • 5.27.1.4 Wogen Titanium
    • 5.27.1.5 Other titanium fabricators
  • 5.27.2 Producers of ferrotitanium
    • 5.27.2.1 London & Scandinavian Metallurgical Co Ltd
    • 5.27.2.2 Metals & Alloys Titanium Products
    • 5.27.2.3 Other companies
• 5.28 Ukraine
  • 5.28.1 Titanium concentrates
  • 5.28.2 Titanium sponge
    • 5.28.2.1 Zaporozhye Titanium & Magnesium Combine (ZTMK)
    • 5.28.2.2 Titanium ingot and mill products
• 5.29 USA
  • 5.29.1 Titanium minerals
  • 5.29.2 Titanium sponge
  • 5.29.3 Titanium scrap
  • 5.29.4 Unwrought titanium products
  • 5.29.5 Titanium mill products and articles
  • 5.29.6 Duties on titanium imports
  • 5.29.7 Producers of titanium metal and products
    • 5.29.7.1 Titanium Metals Corporation (Timet)
    • 5.29.7.2 Allegheny Technologies Inc
    • 5.29.7.3 RTI International Metals Inc
    • 5.29.7.4 Howmet Castings
    • 5.29.7.5 Alta Group
    • 5.29.7.6 Perryman Co
  • 5.29.8 Fabricators of titanium
    • 5.29.8.1 Dynamet Incorporated
    • 5.29.8.2 Ladish Co
    • 5.29.8.3 Precision Castparts Corp
    • 5.29.8.4 Titanium Industries
    • 5.29.8.5 Other titanium producers and fabricators
  • 5.29.9 Scrap processors and suppliers
  • 5.29.10 Ferrotitanium

6. Consumption of titanium metal

• 6.1 Consumption of titanium metal by end use
  • 6.1.1 USA
  • 6.1.2 EU
  • 6.1.3 Japan
  • 6.1.4 China
  • 6.1.5 Other
• 6.2 Future demand for titanium metal by major application

7. Forms and fabrication of titanium metal

• 7.1 Commercially pure (CP) titanium
• 7.2 Titanium alloys
  • 7.2.1 Alpha-beta alloys
  • 7.2.2 Alpha class alloys
  • 7.2.3 Beta class alloys
  • 7.2.4 Shape memory alloys
  • 7.2.5 Specialised titanium alloys and composites
    • 7.2.5.1 Titanium aluminides
    • 7.2.5.2 Niobium-titanium alloys
    • 7.2.5.3 Titanium nitride, carbide, and carbonitride
    • 7.2.5.4 Reinforced alloys and intermetallics  metal matrix composites
    • 7.2.5.5 Titanium in honeycomb structures
    • 7.2.5.6 Porous titanium
• 7.3 Fabrication of titanium metal and alloy products
  • 7.3.1 Casting
  • 7.3.2 Hot isostatic pressing
  • 7.3.3 Superplastic forming
  • 7.3.4 Diffusion bonding
  • 7.3.5 Powder metallurgy
  • 7.3.6 Flowforming
  • 7.3.7 Selective laser sintering/ hot isostatic pressing
  • 7.3.8 Rapid solidification processing
  • 7.3.9 Dispersoid strengthening
  • 7.3.10 Brazing
  • 7.3.11 Surface hardening
  • 7.3.12 Heated roll rolling

8. Uses of titanium metal

• 8.1 Use of titanium metal in aerospace
  • 8.1.1 Trends in titanium consumption in aircraft
  • 8.1.2 Aero engines
  • 8.1.3 Airframes
    • 8.1.3.1 Military airframes
  • 8.1.4 Alternative materials
  • 8.1.5 Structure of the aerospace industry
    • 8.1.5.1 Airframe companies
    • 8.1.5.2 Aero engine companies
    • 8.1.5.3 Helicopter companies
  • 8.1.6 Historic trends in the commercial aerospace industry
    • 8.1.6.1 Large passenger and regional jet aircraft
    • 8.1.6.2 Aero Engines
    • 8.1.6.3 Cargo airliners
    • 8.1.6.4 General aviation
  • 8.1.7 Military procurement plans
    • 8.1.7.1 Fighters and transporters
    • 8.1.7.2 Helicopters
  • 8.1.8 Titanium in space flight
  • 8.1.9 Outlook for titanium demand in aerospace
• 8.2 Use of titanium metal in industrial applications
  • 8.2.1 Use of titanium metal in heat exchangers
  • 8.2.2 Use of titanium metal in chemical and petrochemical process equipment
    • 8.2.2.1 Chemical and food processing
    • 8.2.2.2 Cathodic protection and electrochemical applications
    • 8.2.2.3 Chloralkali processing
  • 8.2.3 Use of titanium metal in power generation and transmission
    • 8.2.3.1 Condenser tubes
    • 8.2.3.2 Flue gas desulphurisation (FGD)
    • 8.2.3.3 Steam turbine blades
    • 8.2.3.4 Other power generation uses
    • 8.2.3.5 Nuclear power stations
    • 8.2.3.6 Nuclear fuel and waste containers
  • 8.2.4 Use of titanium metal in the oil and gas industry
  • 8.2.5 Use of titanium metal in metal recovery and electrorefining
  • 8.2.6 Use of titanium metal in geothermal energy
  • 8.2.7 Use of titanium metal in non-military marine applications
  • 8.2.8 Use of titanium metal in water desalination
  • 8.2.9 Use of titanium metal in building and construction
  • 8.2.10 Use of titanium metal in tool and machinery coatings
  • 8.2.11 Use of titanium metal in automotive applications
    • 8.2.11.1 Exhaust systems
    • 8.2.11.2 Suspension springs
    • 8.2.11.3 Valves and valve springs
    • 8.2.11.4 Brake pads
    • 8.2.11.5 Other parts
    • 8.2.11.6 Concept cars
    • 8.2.11.7 Racing and high speed cars
    • 8.2.11.8 Other uses
  • 8.2.12 Use of titanium metal in other industrial uses
    • 8.2.12.1 Fibre reinforcements
    • 8.2.12.2 Heating elements
    • 8.2.12.3 High stress instruments
  • 8.2.13 Outlook for titanium metal in industrial applications
• 8.3 Use of titanium metal in non-aerospace military applications
  • 8.3.1 Armour
  • 8.3.2 Field guns and small arms
  • 8.3.3 Naval applications
  • 8.3.4 Outlook for titanium in land and sea based military applications
• 8.4 Use of titanium metal in consumer applications
  • 8.4.1 Golf clubs
  • 8.4.2 Bicycles
  • 8.4.3 Other sports equipment
  • 8.4.4 Non-sport consumer applications
    • 8.4.4.1 Spectacles, sunglasses and jewellery
    • 8.4.4.2 Watches
    • 8.4.4.3 Kitchenware
    • 8.4.4.4 Other uses
  • 8.4.5 Outlook for titanium demand in consumer applications
• 8.5 Use of titanium metal in medicine
  • 8.5.1 Hip and knee prostheses
  • 8.5.2 Spinal implants and cages
  • 8.5.3 Heart components
  • 8.5.4 Dentistry
  • 8.5.5 Other uses
  • 8.5.6 Outlook for titanium in medical applications
• 8.6 Use of titanium in high technology applications
  • 8.6.1 Sputtering targets
  • 8.6.2 Superconductivity
  • 8.6.3 Computers
• 8.7 Other end uses for titanium-based alloys
• 8.8 Use of titanium in steels, superalloys and other minor alloys
  • 8.8.1 Carbon steel
    • 8.8.1.1 Markets for carbon steels
  • 8.8.2 Stainless steels
    • 8.8.2.1 Production and consumption of stainless steel
  • 8.8.3 Tool, die and valve steel
  • 8.8.4 Superalloys
  • 8.8.5 Alloys other than steel and superalloys
  • 8.8.6 Outlook for titanium in steels, super alloys and other minor alloys

9. Analysis of international trade data for titanium metal

• 9.1 Trade in unwrought titanium
  • 9.1.1 Exports
  • 9.1.2 Imports
• 9.2 Trade in titanium waste and scrap
  • 9.2.1 Exports
  • 9.2.2 Imports
• 9.3 Trade in titanium mill products and articles
  • 9.3.1 Exports
  • 9.3.2 Imports
• 9.4 Trade in ferrotitanium
  • 9.4.1 Exports
  • 9.4.2 Imports

10. Titanium marketing and prices

• 10.1 Titanium sponge prices
• 10.2 Titanium scrap prices
• 10.3 Titanium melted and mill products prices
  • 10.3.1 Melted product
  • 10.3.2 Mill products
• 10.4 Ferrotitanium prices
• 10.5 Outlook for titanium prices

List of Tables

• Table 1: Titanium: Comparison of properties with other metals
• Table 2: World: Measured indicated and inferred resources of ilmenite and
• Table 3: Comparative analyses of synthetic rutile by producer
• Table 4: Comparative analyses of natural rutile by producer
• Table 5: Summary of emerging reduction technologies
• Table 6: Titanium metal: Grades and names of the most widely used products
• Table 7: Titanium metal: Composition of commercially pure grades
• Table 8: Typical tensile properties of commercially pure (CP) grades of titanium
• Table 9: Titanium melting technology used by principal companies, and
• Table 10: Suppliers of titanium powder, 2006
• Table 11: World: Mine production of titanium minerals, 1996 to 2005
• Table 12: World: Estimated use of titanium feedstocks in production of titanium
• Table 13: World: Production of rutile, titanium slag and synthetic rutile by country,
• Table 14: World: Principal producing companies: Rutile, synthetic rutile and
• Table 15: World: New projects for the production of rutile and titanium slag
• Table 16: World: Production of titanium sponge by country, 1995 to 2006
• Table 17: World: Titanium sponge producing companies, 2006
• Table 18: World: Forecast capacity for the production of titanium sponge, 2010
• Table 19: USA and Japan: Production of titanium melted products, 1991 to 2006
• Table 20: Locations and capacities of titanium melting companies, 2005
• Table 21: Capacities of selected ferrotitanium producing companies, 2006
• Table 22: Austria: Exports and imports of titanium products, 2001 to 2005
• Table 23: Belgium: Exports and imports of titanium products, 2001 to 2005
• Table 24: Brazil: Exports and imports of titanium products, 2001 to 2005
• Table 25: Canada: Exports and imports of titanium products, 2001 to 2006
• Table 26: China: Supply and disposal of titanium products, 2001 to 2006
• Table 27: China: Existing and proposed titanium sponge operations, 2006 to 2010
• Table 28: China Production and capacity of titanium ingot and mill products by
• Table 29: Czech Republic: Exports and imports of titanium products, 2001 to 2005
• Table 30: France: Exports and imports of titanium products, 2001 to 2005
• Table 31: Germany: Exports and imports of titanium products, 2001 to 2005
• Table 32: India: Production of rutile and synthetic rutile by company, 2004 and 2005
• Table 33: Italy: Exports and imports of titanium products, 2002 to 2005
• Table 34: Japan: Supply and disposal of titanium products, 2001 to 2006
• Table 35: Japan: Production of mill products by type of product, 1995 to 2005
• Table 36: Japan: Production of titanium sponge by company, 1997 to 2006
• Table 37: Japan: Manufacturers of titanium ingot and their capacity
• Table 38: Sumitomo Metal Industries: Capacity for the production of mill products
• Table 39: Kazakhstan: Inferred exports of titanium sponge, 2000 to 2006
• Table 40: South Korea: Exports and imports of titanium products, 2001 to 2005
• Table 41: Netherlands: Exports and imports of titanium products, 2005 to 2005
• Table 42: Russia: Production and international trade in titanium products,
• Table 43: Spain: International trade in titanium products, 2003 to 2005
• Table 44: Sweden: International trade in titanium products, 2001 to 2005
• Table 45: Taiwan: International trade in titanium products, 2001 to 2005
• Table 46: UK: International trade in titanium products, 2001 to 2006
• Table 47: UK: Titanium products of Timet UK
• Table 48: Ukraine: Production and exports of titanium, 1998 to 2006
• Table 49: USA: Production and international trade of titanium products,
• Table 50: USA: Supply and disposal of titanium sponge, 1998 to 2006
• Table 51: USA: Supply and disposal of titanium scrap, 1998 to 2003
• Table 52: USA: Supply and disposal of unwrought titanium, excluding sponge
• Table 53: USA: supply and disposal of titanium mill products and castings,
• Table 54: USA: Shipments of titanium metal products by major companies,
• Table 55: USA: Titanium sponge and ingot production capacity by company, 2006
• Table 56: Timet: Major production facilities, practical capacities, 2006
• Table 57: Timet shipments of mill products, 2006
• Table 58: RTI: Manufacturing facilities (Titanium Group)
• Table 59: World: Estimated annual markets for titanium in mill products and
• Table 60: USA and Japan: Reported consumption of titanium products, 1997
• Table 61: World: Consumption of titanium mill products by region and major
• Table 62: USA: Reported consumption of titanium in steel and other low titanium
• Table 63: Japan: Shipments of titanium mill products by industry, 2001 to 2006
• Table 64: World: Forecast demand for titanium mill products, 2011
• Table 65: ASTM and UNS grades of titanium alloy
• Table 66: Commercial titanium alloys classified by major use
• Table 67: Comparison of yield strengths of selected CP titanium and titanium alloys
• Table 68: Typical markets for titanium alloy types
• Table 69: Widely used titanium alloys
• Table 70: b alloys: Selected commercial products
• Table 71: Titanium aluminides: Comparison of properties with competing materials
• Table 72: Titanium aluminides and alloys: Comparison of processing technology
• Table 73: g aluminides: Processing methods
• Table 74: Titanium alloy coatings: Properties and characteristics of various products
• Table 75: Honeycomb structures: Properties of metals and alloys used in foils
• Table 76: Super Plastic Forming: Properties of titanium alloys used in SPF
• Table 77: Titanium powder processors
• Table 78: Western world: Titanium buy-weights for commercial and military aircraft
• Table 79: Typical buy-weights of titanium for some widely used aero engines
• Table 80: Use of titanium in commercial aerospace engines, 2005
• Table 81: Titanium usage in the airframe of the F22 fighter
• Table 82: Commercial aero engines by thrust, aircraft type and manufacturer
• Table 83: World: Active fleet of commercial jet aircraft, 2006
• Table 84: Deliveries of jet airliners by company, 2003 to 2006
• Table 85: Delivery of aero engine units by size, 1986 to 2005
• Table 86: Europe: Military aircraft procurement plans, 2006 to 2011
• Table 87: Aircraft deliveries and titanium buy-in weight, 2006 to 2025
• Table 88: Europe: Deliveries and titanium buy-in weight for military aerospace,
• Table 89: World: Estimated industrial markets for titanium, 2005
• Table 90: Process fluids that come into contact with titanium
• Table 91: Europe: Chlorine capacity by major company, 2006
• Table 92: USA: Estimated chlorine capacity by company, 2007
• Table 93: World: Nuclear power plants in operation and under construction, 2006
• Table 94: Installed titanium stress joints on offshore oil and gas platforms
• Table 95: Examples of oil and gas projects that use titanium systems
• Table 96: Corrosion performance of titanium and competing materials in natural
• Table 97: Standard automobile components made from titanium
• Table 98: Europe: Forecast of industrial markets for titanium, 2006 to 2011
• Table 99: Abrams M1A2 tank: Weight saved by using titanium components
• Table 100: Comparison of metallic armour materials
• Table 101: US Navy: Use of titanium by class of ship
• Table 102: Approximate division of demand for carbon steel by market in the
• Table 103: Compositions of selected tool, die and valve steels containing titanium
• Table 104: Selected countries: Production of tool and high speed steel, 1995
• Table 105: Compositions of selected superalloys and high performance alloys
• Table 106: Leading producers of high performance alloys
• Table 107: Compositions of selected medium temperature alloys containing
• Table 108: Reporting countries: International trade in titanium metal and
• Table 109: Reporting countries: Exports of unwrought titanium, 2002 to 2006
• Table 110: Reporting countries: Exports of unwrought titanium by country of
• Table 111: Reporting countries: Imports of unwrought titanium, 2002 to 2006
• Table 112: Reporting countries: Imports of unwrought titanium by country of
• Table 113: Reporting countries: Exports of titanium waste and scrap, 2002 to 2006
• Table 114: Reporting countries: Exports of titanium waste and scrap by country
• Table 115: Reporting countries: Imports of titanium waste and scrap, 2002 to 2006
• Table 116: Reporting countries: Imports of titanium waste and scrap by country of
• Table 117: Reporting countries: Exports of titanium articles, 2001 to 2006
• Table 118: Reporting countries: Exports of titanium articles by country of
• Table 119: Reporting countries: Imports of titanium articles, 2001 to 2006
• Table 120: Reporting countries: Imports of titanium articles by country of
• Table 121: Reporting countries: Exports of ferrotitanium 2001 to 2006
• Table 122: Reporting countries: Exports of ferrotitanium by country of
• Table 123: Reporting countries: Imports of ferrotitanium, 2001 to 2006
• Table 124: Reporting countries: Imports of ferrotitanium by country of origin, 2005
• Table 125: USA: Mean year-end prices for titanium sponge, 1941 to 2006
• Table 126: Europe and USA: Published prices for titanium sponge, 1986 to 2007
• Table 127: Quarterly unit value based on land duty-paid US imports of titanium
• Table 128: UK: Price changes, for unprocessed titanium scrap turnings, 1993
• Table 129: Selected countries: Average values for exports and imports of titanium
• Table 130: Timet: Average prices for shipment of titanium melted product,
• Table 131: USA: Average values for exports and imports of titanium ingot,
• Table 132: Average prices for shipments of mill products, 1996 to 2006
• Table 133: USA: Estimated market prices for industrial titanium products,
• Table 134: USA: Estimated market prices of titanium, 2005-2006
• Table 135: Selected countries: Average values for international trade in titanium
• Table 136: Europe and China: Selected reported prices for ferrotitanium,
• Table 137: MB free market prices for 70%Ti ferrotitanium (max 4.5% Al),

List of Figures

• Figure 1: World sponge capacity and output
• Figure 2: World: Ingot melting capacity by company, 2006
• Figure 3: World: Ilmenite resources (TZMI) by principal country
• Figure 4: World: Rutile resources (TZMI) by principal country
• Figure 5: Production process flow chart for heavy mineral sands
• Figure 6: Becher process for production of synthetic rutile
• Figure 7: Cold hearths: Simplified process diagram
• Figure 8: Titanium products: Manufacturing process from ingot to mill product
• Figure 9: Division of costs to produce titanium plate
• Figure 10: Kroll titanium sponge process: Distribution of costs
• Figure 11: World: Mine production of titanium minerals by principal country,
• Figure 12: Division of production of titanium minerals by country, 2005
• Figure 13: World: Production of titanium sponge, 1995-2006
• Figure 14: USA: Comparison of the use of titanium scrap and its price, 1993 to 2005
• Figure 15: Production of titanium melted products in the USA and Japan,
• Figure 16: Production of titanium melted products in principal countries, 2006
• Figure 17: World: Approximate division of production of titanium ingot by
• Figure 18: World: Division of titanium melting capacity by principal company, 2006
• Figure 19: World: Division of titanium mill product output by country/region, 2005
• Figure 20: Australia: Production and exports of rutile and synthetic rutile,
• Figure 21: Japan: Production of titanium sponge, ingot and mill products,
• Figure 22: Russia: Production of titanium sponge and mill products, 1988 to 2006
• Figure 23: VSMPO Avisma: Shipments of titanium products to domestic and
• Figure 24: VSMPO Avisma: Division of refined titanium sales by product, 2005
• Figure 25: USA Production, consumption and imports of titanium sponge,
• Figure 26: USA: Titanium ingot production and scrap usage, 1988 to 2006
• Figure 27: USA: Comparison of production and consumption of titanium ingot with sponge consumption, 1978 to 2006
• Figure 28: World: Estimated division of consumption of titanium mill products in
• Figure 29: World: Consumption of titanium mill products by region and major
• Figure 30: USA: Division of titanium mill product consumption by market 1993
• Figure 31: EU: Market for titanium mill products, 2005
• Figure 32: Japan: Use of titanium mill products by industry 1995 to 2006
• Figure 33: China: Division of consumption of titanium mill products by market, 2005
• Figure 34: Titanium alloys: Characteristics of alloy groups
• Figure 35: Near net shape processes for components such as conrods and valves
• Figure 36: Buy-in weights of titanium by type of aircraft
• Figure 37: Titanium content per aircraft, 1960 to 2020
• Figure 38: Materials used in the airframes of the MD80 and B787
• Figure 39: Europe: Helicopter market, 2005
• Figure 40: World large jet aircraft active fleet by manufacturer, 2006
• Figure 41: World: Commercial jet aircraft delivery, 1980 to 2006
• Figure 42: Airbus and Boeing: Orders and deliveries, 1990 to 2006
• Figure 43: World: Commercial aero engine sales by company, 2007
• Figure 44: Forecast deliveries of passenger jets by make, 2006 to 2025
• Figure 45: World: Active jet passenger fleet, deliveries and retirements,
• Figure 46: World: Titanium buy-weights for passenger jets delivered, 2006 to 2025
• Figure 47: World: Division of industrial applications of titanium by principal
• Figure 48: World: Division of chloralkali plants by type, 2006
• Figure 49: World: Chloralkali plants by region, 2006
• Figure 50: World: Growth of power generating capacity by region 1980 to 2020
• Figure 51: World: Division of production of vehicles by principal country, 2005
• Figure 52: Approximate market shares of hip and knee prostheses, 2005
• Figure 53: USA: Reported consumption of ferrotitanium by application,
• Figure 54: World: Production of crude steel by principal country, 2005
• Figure 55: World: Production of stainless steel by region, 1995 to 2005
• Figure 56: World: Division of production of stainless steel by principal country, 2005
• Figure 57: Exports of unwrought titanium by principal country, 2002 to 2006
• Figure 58: World: Division of exports of unwrought titanium by principal
• Figure 59: Imports of unwrought titanium by principal countries, 2002 to 2005
• Figure 60: Reporting countries: Division of imports of unwrought titanium, 2005
• Figure 61: Exports of titanium waste and scrap by principal countries, 2002 to 2004
• Figure 62: Reporting countries: Division of exports of titanium waste and
• Figure 63: Imports of titanium waste and scrap by principal countries, 2002 to 2006
• Figure 64: Reporting countries: Division of imports of unwrought titanium, 2005
• Figure 65: Exports of titanium articles by principal countries, 2001 to 2005
• Figure 66: Reporting countries: Division of exports of titanium articles, 2005
• Figure 67: Imports of titanium articles by principal countries, 2001 to 2005
• Figure 68: Reporting countries: Division of imports of unwrought titanium, 2005
• Figure 69: Exports of ferrotitanium by principal countries, 2001 to 2005
• Figure 70: Reporting countries: Division of exports of ferrotitanium, 2005
• Figure 71: Imports of ferrotitanium by principal countries, 2001 to 2005
• Figure 72: Reporting countries: Division of imports of ferrotitanium, 2005
• Figure 73: USA: Mean year-end prices for titanium sponge 1941 to third
• Figure 74: Average monthly values of US imports of sponge by country or origin,
• Figure 75: Mean UK month-end prices for titanium scrap turnings 1993 to 2006
• Figure 76: Timet: Average prices of shipments of titanium mill products,
• Figure 77: MB free market mean month-end prices for 70%Ti ferrotitanium,
• Figure 78: Comparison of large aircraft deliveries and sponge prices, 1989 to
• Figure 79: Comparison of world sponge production and annual average prices